77 
older rocks. Vide Coal Commission Reports, and also Prestwich’s 
“Geology,” II, fig. 44. 
We can easily fill in the details of such of the later events as 
bear upon the subject under notice. We know that in late Tertiary 
times, the whole of western Europe underwent more or less dis- 
turbance and upheaval—probably as one of the manifestations of 
that subterranean energy that gave rise to the great Tertiary 
volcanic outbursts of Antrim, the Western Islands of Scotland, 
Iceland, &c.* The waning of this important episode was marked 
by some important upheavals, which affected large areas all over 
the Kingdom. There is abundant evidence that these upheavals 
were by no means uniform in amount over large areas. Far from 
that. The upheavals nearly everywhere were marked by differ- 
ential movements, certain zones or tracts of country rising to a 
higher level by two thousand feet or more than other zones situated 
only a few miles off. 
The Lake District formed one of these independent (or nearly 
independent) areas of upheaval, as it was raised as a broad anti- 
clinal, whose axis passed through the Howgill Fells to Borradale. 
A second anticlinal running nearly at right angles to this, extended 
through Sca Fell Pikes and the Caldbeck Felis, dying out gradually 
as it passed through Penrith. Parallel to this last axis of upheaval 
ran the synclinal axis now occupied by the Solway. (I believe it 
possible that Chalk may exist even yet in the deeper parts of the 
Irish Sea off West Cumberland, or may even occur inland, 
between the drift and the New Red in the lowlands north-west of 
Carlisle.) 
Along the old belt of disturbed and fractured rocks known 
collectively as the Pennine and Craven Faults, differential move- 
ments had again and again occurred in various earlier geological 
periods. It is therefore no more than might be expected, that 
movements of the same nature should recur at the period specially 
under notice. So it happened that, while the strata as a whole 
were undergoing more or less upheaval, those on one side of the 
* See Dr. A. Geikie’s Wistory of the Tertiary Volcanic Period in the British 
Zsles, Trans, Roy. Soc. Edin., Vol. xxxv., pt. 2. 
