120 
APPENDIX. 
Extract from the Observers Notes on several Helm Winds. 
NOVEMBER IQTH, 1885. 
ARDLE HEAD, Oussy, Mr. J. C. RUSSELL. 3-30 p.m. Helm Cloud about 
300 feet below the summit of Cross Fell. The Bar apparently over and parallel 
to the Eden, the north end being somewhere about Croglin and the south end 
about Stainmore in Westmorland. Both ends of the Bar are joined to the Helm 
Cloud. The wind is East. Clouds and vapour near the Bar move about as 
though in a whirlwind. Thaw set in, with some very fine snow falling. Very 
strong wind up here on the Fell, but hardly any wind down in the valley. The 
Helm only lasted about 22 hours; it began about 5 p.m. on Wednesday. 
Oussy Recrory, Miss GOLDING. 3 p.m. The Helm Cloud covering the top 
of Cross Fell, and extending the whole length of the Fell as far as can be seen. 
No Bar to be seen, but a mass of heavy clouds all round the horizon without a 
break, joining the Helm Cloud on each side at the north and south ends, and 
apparently reaching on the west about halfway between Penrith and Ullswater. 
The direction of the wind is East. <A few higher clouds are slightly whirling in 
and out, but not moving in any particular direction. The belt of clouds seemed 
to have a centre a little to the north of the top of the Fell, and the wind seemed 
to push the clouds north and south from that centre, and to chase them all 
round till they met in the west, where they made a bank a little higher than 
the Ullswater Fells. Cross Fell was a little hazy. 
MELMERBY Rectory, Rev. A. C. PITTAR. 10-45 a.m. The top of Cross 
Fell is hidden. The Bar consists of fragmentary light clouds to the west. The 
north end of the Bar is rather close, apparently not much further than Gam- 
blesby ; the south end is a good distance off, probably at Appleby. The north 
end of the Bar is very distinctly joined to the Helm Cloud, and the south end 
seems to be. The direction of the wind is South-east. The weather cold, dry 
and windy, with blue sky. 
3p.m. The Bar seemed a long distance off to the west, and joined all round 
with the Helm Cloud. There was not much wind, and towards evening the 
Helm Cloud began to sink behind the Fells. There was a quiet night and but 
little of the Helm visible next morning, and no Bar. 
The Helm Cloud appeared yesterday afternoon. The wind blew at times 
keenly in the night ; blowing this morning in strong gusts. The Bar at the 
north end is well defined, but does not seem to extend far, and ends in frag- 
mentary clouds which continue across the western sky in the direction of the 
south end, 
