) 
“I 
may be gathered, and whether we remain on the low ground, 
ascend the slopes of Wansfell or of Loughrigg, or stray further 
to Nab Scar or Red Screes, we may be sure of obtaining specimens 
sufficient for several days’ leisurely examination. 
Red Screes is one of my favourite mountains, as on it I have 
gathered five or six species not previously described, besides others 
that are considered rare. There is nothing very wonderful in this, 
for, as I have said before, England has not yet been thoroughly 
searched. When it is, there is no doubt that these plants at present 
known only from Red Screes will be found to grow elsewhere. 
Indeed, with respect to one of them that is already the case, for I 
have met with it also on Coniston Old Man, on the northern face 
of High Street overlooking Mardale, and on the mountains above 
Mallerstang in the extreme east of the county. 
For a first excursion, let us get on to the hills. We need not 
climb to the top; any place will do where we may have a chance 
of examining exposures of rock and of searching patches of moory 
ground. We can examine the walls and trees as we go along, and 
should also endeavour to spend a little time beside a beck, on the 
stones in whose bed we shall find species that love moisture. 
There may be in our party some young botanist who cannot tell 
how to distinguish a Lichen from a moss, and it may not be amiss, 
therefore, to point out one of the more obvious differences. Mosses 
may readily be known from Lichens by the possession of distinct 
stems and leaves, much more minute of course than, but similar in 
appearance to, those of flowering plants. Most of their near allies, 
the Liverworts, may be distinguished by the same character, but 
among these latter are a few genera, as Marchantia, FPellia, 
Lunularia, Riccia, which approach Lichens in their form. In these 
cases, however, the beginner will soon discover essential differences 
when he examines them with the microscope, for their internal 
structure is much the same as in the higher plants, and not at all 
like that of Lichens. 
Let us take it then as a general distinction between Lichens and 
all higher plants, that the latter possess leaves and stems which the 
former never have, Of course this character by no means 
