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rearranged materials of rocks undistinguishable from such forms 
of the Caledonian Old Red as now remain in the Cheviots consti- 
tute a large part of the materials of the Upper (or Carboniferous) 
Old Red. These materials include (along with greywackes, etc., 
from the South of Scotland) many fragments of a limestone now 
no longer found in the district. ‘Their source, like that of the 
greywackes just referred to, need, therefore, no longer be a source 
of conjecture. 
In the period succeeding the Upper Old Red, i.e. the Lower 
Carboniferous Period proper, the greater part of the available 
evidence points to the area now represented by the Lake District 
having been, not an island, as many have concluded without 
studying the evidence, but an area that remained submerged from 
an early date, and for a prolonged period, beneath c/ear water. The 
present uplands there are simply the cores of old anticlinals 
exposed by subsequent denudation. ‘The general configuration of 
much of the surface upon which the Carboniferous Limestone was 
deposited can still be made out with some approximation to 
certainty, and the physical character of some of the remainder can 
be inferred. It did wot present the appearance of a mountain 
chain ; nor, on the other hand, was it quite flat. A ridge, with 
long and gentle slopes éess han one degree in gradient, extended 
from the higher parts of Teesdale through where Temple Sowerby 
is now, and thence across Ullswater, and Derwentwater westward. 
To the south of that bank lay deeper, and, certainly, clearer water, 
for along time. On its north-east side for a long time went on 
more rapid subsidence, which was, however, balanced by the thicker 
deposits of sediment brought down from the old land lying to the 
north-west, and the direction of transport was towards the south-east 
in consequence, Limestones, accumulating in clear water, in the 
manner just described, were slowly and quietly deposited, sheet 
upon sheet, in the form of thin wedges, attenuating gradually 
towards the north-west. In the south-eastern part of the area the 
pile of thin wedges of limestone accumulated with hardly any 
admixture of mechanical sedimentary matter, until nearly two 
thousand feet of limestone had been built up. The thinning of 
