of the strata. But the 

 character of the moor- 

 lands of this formation 

 resembles that of the 

 Upper Silurians in the 

 hillocky nature of the 

 ground. Fig. 4 shews a 

 space of such hillocks 

 on Loughrigg Fell, with 

 the strike of the slaty 

 cleavage, which slightly 



varies in each separate block ; suggesting that it was by the 

 disruption of these, in some such earth-movement as bent the 

 more pliable Upper Silurian strata, that the ground between them 

 was prepared for the formation of basins. 



5. Analogy of Structure in the Alps. By the study of these 

 earth-waves on a large scale in the Alps, especially in the Cretaceous 

 Alps of Savoy, one 

 learns that as a rule 

 their attendant cir- 

 cumstances are such as 

 Figs. 5 and 6 exhibit. 



Fig. 5 shows the usual break along the crests of the anticlinals 

 AA, creating longitudinal valleys, called in Savoy "combes." The 

 alternating valleys, V, are called "vallons." It may be argued 

 that, if the top of the wave bursts along and forms a combe, the 

 under side of it may tend to break along the bottom of a vallon 

 at S. And in fact the great iaults of Savoy indicate that some 

 such weak lines do occur along the vallons — not that every 

 synclinal is broken throughout, as not every anticlinal bursts 

 along its whole length; but the tendency and general practice 

 is undoubtedly toward solution of continuity under those circum- 

 stances. 



But neither Savoy nor any other real mountain-district is ridged 

 in simple horizontal waves — mere extensions of Fig. 5. There 



