is a cross-current, so to speak, which ruffles them, though not 

 violently, till they assume the structure of Fig. 6. Here, from C 

 to C, is formed a cross-valley ; and not only that, but invariably a 

 break in the rock, generally accompanied with vertical faulting and 

 lateral dislocation ; which in these Alps must be distinguished, at 

 least in results, from one another. The gorge created where the 

 anticlinal axes are cut by the cross synclinal axis is called a "cluse," 

 the Cluse of Savoy being well known on the road from Geneva to 

 Chamonix. The point where the synclinal axes cut one another 

 is invariably the position of either a basin, or an alluvial flat which 

 must anciently have been a lake ; examples of this are the Lake of 

 Annecy, lying in a series of such basins ; and the flats of Sallenches 

 and Chambery. 



6. Struchiral relations of Windermere. Do these facts, taken 

 in conjunction with our observations on the small basins of our 

 moors, throw any light on the origin of Windermere ? We know 

 that the mountains of the Lake District are created by a system of 

 undulations, greater than those on the surface of the Upper 

 Silurians, though less than those of the Alps ; yet in structure and 

 origin, similar. Our district is ridged across on axes running ENE. 

 and WSW.; the great Volcanic formations and Skiddaw Slates are 

 bent into enormous arches, whose billowy swell bears on its back 

 the multitudinous ripples of the Upper Silurians. These great 

 billows, like the little surface-waves, are crossed by counter-currents, 

 creating broad transverse undulations. Through the district, from 

 North to South, runs the synclinal axis of this counter-undulation, 

 whose anticlinals thrust up the Skiddaw Slate to West and East of 

 us, at Black Combe and near Shap. 



Fig. 7 is a diagrammatical view of the structure of the southern 

 part of the district, seen from the south. The formations are 

 lettered — S, Skiddaw Slate ; V, Volcanic Series of Borrowdale ; 

 F, Coniston Flags and Grits ; B, Bannisdale Slates ; and DD 

 represent the dykes which traverse the strata and shew that our 

 seven-mile flooring is not flawless. The Topography : — M, Coniston 

 Old Man, beyond which the Valley of Wrynose and Little Lang- 



