S4 



pottery, and use gourds. The Tahitians have no vessels but 

 of wood. The Patagonians use bladders, and the Fuegians 

 vessels of bark. 



Of course people who have such vessels cannot boil their food : 

 they can only roast or broil it. If they want hot water, their only 

 way of getting it is by the use of heating stones, or "pot-boilers." 



To the palaeolithic cave man succeeded the neolithic man, who 

 could grind and polish a stone. They were a small, dark, long- 

 headed (dolicho-cephalic) non-Aryan people, who are represented 

 to the present day by the small swarthy Welshman with the long 

 head and Iberian physique ; by the small dark Highlander ; and 

 by the black Celts in Ireland west of the Shannon ; but of course 

 they have been much crossed with Celtic, Danish, Norse, and 

 English blood. These dark small men were herdsmen and farmers. 

 The researches of ethnologists and of archaeologists have added 

 much to our knowledge of them. They lived in small tribal 

 communities normally at war with each other, like the Afghans 

 and the Kaffirs. I will give an account of a neolithic homestead. 

 Professor Boyd Dawkins says : — 



If we could in imagination take our stand on the summit of a hill com- 

 manding an extensive view, in almost any part of Great Britain or Ireland in 

 the neolithic period, we should look upon a landscape somewhat of this kind. 

 Thin lines of smoke rising from among the trees of the dense virgin forest at 

 our feet would mark the position of the neolithic homesteads, and of the 

 neighbouring stockaded camp, which afforded refuge in time of need ; while 

 here and there a gleam of gold would show the small patch of ripening wheat. 

 We enter a track in the forest, and thread our way to one of the clusters of 

 homesteads, passing herds of goats and flocks of horned sheep, or disturbing a 

 troop of horses or small short-horned oxen, or stumbling upon a swineherd 

 tending the hogs in their search after roots. We should probably have to 

 defend ourselves against the attack of some of the larger dogs, used as guardians 

 of the flocks against bears, wolves, and foxes, and for hunting the wild animals, 

 At last, on emerging into the clearing, we should see a small plot of flax or 

 small-eared wheat, and near the homestead the inhabitants, clad some in linen 

 and others in skins, and ornamented with necklaces and pendants of stone, 

 bone, or pottery, carrying on their daily occupations. Some are cutting wood 

 with stone axes with a wonderfully sharp edge, fixed in wooden handles, with 

 stone adzes and gouges, or with little saws composed of carefully-notched 



