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carts, and the means in use among them for the extirpation of 

 moles. 



Of the Deer family, the only wild representative now to be 

 found is the Red Deer of Martindale Forest, on the Westmorland 

 side of Ullswater. Their number is not now very large. Stray 

 specimens occasionally fall under the observation of the mountain 

 rambler. Time was when the Martindale and Heltondale farmers 

 complained of damage to their crops by his nocturnal irruptions 

 into the enclosures down in the valleys. " It is not merely what 

 these bucks consume by eating, but what they waste" said a dales- 

 man to me many years ago. " Gripping a lot of stalks in their 

 mouths, they strip them in this fashion," (making an upward motion 

 with his hand by way of illustration,) "and so lots of our finest 

 corn is lost." As grain cultivation is mostly abandoned, and the 

 number of deer much lessened, there is now less ground for 

 complaint. That fine animals still remain is evidenced by the 

 fact that the late Sir Richard Musgrave succeeded a few years 

 ago, while deer-stalking in Martindale Forest, in bringing down a 

 splendid stag, the head and antlers of which are preserved at Eden- 

 hall. A few head of Red Deer are also to be found on the fells of 

 Gowbarrow, but within the limits of the enclosed park of Lyulph's 

 Tower. They confine themselves as a nile to the very crest of the 

 hills, and hold themselves aloof from the society of the Fallow Deer, 

 which graze for the most part along the southern slopes of the hills 

 fronting towards Ullswater. 



The hill Fox still maintains his footing, and but for the effective 

 means adopted for keeping down his numbers, would soon become 

 a pest to the shepherds. In the olden time a price was set upon 

 his head, and every person who succeeded in capturing a fox was 

 entitled to head-money, varying in amount in different localities. 

 The bailiff of the manor or the churchwarden of the parish, and 

 in some instances both these officials, were called upon to 

 contribute their stipulated quota. It was no unusual thing for the 

 captor, in claiming his dues, to bring his prize — whether Fox, 

 Marten, Foumart, Weasel, or feathered bird of prey, as Raven, 

 Falcon, Hawk, &c. — and suspend the carcase from the boughs of 



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