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flow was balanced by the melting of the ice, as it seems to have 

 been, at the climax of the Glacial Period, on the north bank of the 

 Thames Valley. The ice that, advancing south-eastward by the 

 North Channel, dammed back the Solway ice, probably originated, 

 as ice, no farther north than the northern parts of Kirkcudbright, 

 and was not part of a polar ice cap, as this is commonly under- 

 stood ; although its south-easterly movement may be attributed to 

 some such cause. 



Inland and uphill inarch of the Ice. — To repeat what was stated 

 above : — When the north-western barrier ice changed the direction 

 of movement of the Solway ice stream, much of the Solway ice, 

 having no other means of exit open to it, was compelled to flow 

 eastwards over the Bewcastle Fells, along the Tyne Valley, and 

 thence still eastward to the point where the influence of the Scan- 

 dinavian ice turned the stream again southward. Thus it was 

 that, on the melting of the ice detritus originally derived from all 

 parts of the basin of the Solway, including much that was trans- 

 ported to the low ground about Carlisle from the country around 

 Penrith — amongst other well known rocks, boulders of Shap Granite 

 — was left in the form of drift around Newcastle and extending 

 thence southward through Durham, and out to sea by way of the 

 east side of the Cleveland hills. 



Another stream of ice, already referred to, was diverted inland 

 and uphill from Carlisle past Penrith and Appleby by the action 

 of the same barrier that turned the current first mentioned up the 

 Bewcastle Fells. This, which I shall call the Edenside stream, 

 became more and more constrained under the lateral pressure of 

 local ice emanating on the one hand from the north sides of the 

 Lake District, and on the other from the Cross Fell Escarpment, 

 as it was forced eastward. At the head of Edenside it was met by 

 heavy streams of local ice emanating from the uplands south and 

 south-east of Kirkby Stephen, and under the influence of these 

 masses the Edenside stream was diverted from its prevailing south- 

 easterly course, and forced into a more northerly direction across 

 the eastern end of the Cross Fell Escarpment above Brough 



