124 



moraines on the plains around Carlisle ; thirdly, when the climax 

 of the Glacial Period arrived and the great north-western barrier 

 prevented egress by the Solway, the movements of the ice were 

 first arrested, and were subsequently turned into directions entirely 

 different from any they had taken before. Some were swept in the 

 ice from Carlisle towards Newcastle ; others again were driven 

 back from Carlisle past their older sites once more, and thence 

 towards Stain moor and the Vale of York ; others again past West 

 Cumberland into South Lancashire. Or, yet again, from Shap Fell 

 itself, under the influence of the same dam, a narrow stream gradu- 

 ally widening as it went southwards, overflowed from the basin of 

 the Eden into that of the Kent. The Ennerdale Syenitic granite 

 has wandered about under the same conditions almost as much, 

 and has gone, along with Brockram from the foot of Stainmoor, 

 granite from Galloway, granite from Shap, and various rocks from 

 all parts of Edenside, over the high ground of Stainmoor and 

 thence to the Vale of York. It is one of the rocks that may be 

 expected to occur in the drifts of Tynedale. The remarkable 

 feature connected with some of these facts of boulder distribution 

 is the rapprochement of boulders whose main directions of trans- 

 portal have been entirely different. The Shap Granite swept 

 north-westward fifty miles from its source, to Carlisle, and afterwards 

 moved from there another fifty miles in an easterly direction to 

 Durham, was there turned southward by the North Sea ice, and 

 thus actually rejoined the boulders of the selfsame rock that had 

 travelled to the Vale of York in the current that came by way of 

 Stainmoor. 



I believe that it was the stream that came over by way of the 

 Tyne Valley that furnished most of the boulders that are found in 

 the maritime parts of Yorkshire : those of the Stainmoor stream 

 having travelled southward mainly by way of the Vale of York. 

 The same rapprochement of wanderers is observed on the western 

 side of England. Indeed, it is just possible that the stream of 

 Lake Country boulders that came down the Vale of York past 

 Halifax, may actually have been joined again further south, by a 

 branch of the stream, bearing boulders of the same kind, that came 

 past West Cumberland and thence through Lancashire. 



1 



