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Areas not invaded by Ice of extraneous origin. — I have assumed 

 throughout this article, as well as in the earlier papers referred to, 

 that throughout the whole of the Glacial Period there were large 

 areas in the North of England that were never glaciated by ice of 

 extraneous origin at all. This fact was distinctly stated in several 

 places, and it was, clearly enough, also plainly indicated upon the 

 map that accompanied the paper in the Quarterly Journal. I am 

 most anxious to add my testimony to that of my late colleague 

 Mr. Ward, amongst others, that there is no clear proof of any kind 

 soever that any polar ice cap swept clean over the Lake District. 

 The same is true of all the mountain masses I am acquainted with 

 in the North. The inland and uphill movements of the ice were 

 due, beyond a doubt, to the stoppage of the natural outlets for the 

 ice deploying upon the Solway. The barrier that effected this was 

 propagated in a southeasterly direction by accretions of local ice, 

 and was not due, I feel sure, to the actual march of the Greenland 

 ice itself across the land. There must have been a great barrier 

 of that kind somewhere off our north-western shores ; but it simply 

 backed up the British ice, and in a general way determined the set 

 of the major currents of the ice it was ponding back. There is 

 every reason to believe, in regard, for example, to the ice of the 

 Lake District, that even under the most intense conditions of 

 glaciation, the bottotn layers of ice radiating outwards from the 

 high lands maintained their initial direction of movement, in some 

 instances, miles away from their starting point. This is clearly 

 shewn by the glacial striae in many places. The map appended to 

 the paper in the Quarterly Journal (xxxi. pi. ii.) shews such striae 

 at Blencow, near Penrith, where they may be easily examined 

 close to the Blencow Station. Others are shewn near to Skelton, 

 still farther removed. All these clearly point to glaciation outward 

 from the Lake District, and they are only instances selected out of 



seem to shew that substances may be transported great distances in ice, and, in 

 doing so, work up from the bottom of the ice to its surface, without being much 

 the worse for their journey. See Tyndall's "Glaciers of the Alps," p. 76, and 

 J. D. Forbes' "Occasional Papers," pp. 193 — 195, upon this point. It is 

 quite likely too that the shell-bearing beds may have remained in the ice as 

 frozen masses, and thus would travel much as would solid boulders, 



