145 



the paper this is printed on, must have been formed by a separate 

 flow of water from the one that preceded it, or that followed it. 

 In many of the sections where these clays are exposed, they 

 exhibit some very curious, and at first sight, very puzzling phe- 

 nomena. Some of these are shewn in the figures below, which 

 represent laminated clays exposed during the formation of the 

 Settle and Carlisle Railway. They were chiefly seen in the cuttings 

 near Culgaith and Langanby, four or five miles north-east of 

 Penrith. For leave to use these figures, which illustrated my paper 

 in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, I am indebted to 

 the Council of that Society. 



Fig. 2, 



Section across the Midland Railway near Langanby, shewing alternation of 



Till (t. ), Sand and Gravel (s. G. ), and Laminated Clays (c. ) overlying 



New Red Marl (in the right hand corner). 



How the Faults and other disturbances contemporaneous with the 

 Till were forvied. — The explanation of some of these phenomena 

 can be more conveniently considered here. On the supposition 

 that the whole of the glacial deposits here noticed were engendered 

 beneath the ice after it came to a standstill and had begun to melt, 

 we should be prepared to find some evidence among these deposits 

 of the exertion of enormous downward pressure, due partly to the 

 normal down-settling of the ice as it moulded itself to the configur- 

 ation of the surface beneath; partly to its subsidence more abruptly, 

 as would happen where tension came into play, and lumps of ice 

 broke off and filled up cavities below ; and partly also to slight 

 occasional movements of the ice laterally, as it yielded unequally 

 before the forces that were acting upon it. Abundant evidence of 

 such movements as would result from any of these causes, may be 

 detected in nearly every section of drift exposed. Indeed it would 



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