158 



there along the foot of the Cross Fell Escarpment, and a very 

 well-marked chain of them ranges along the hills separating the 

 lower parts of the valleys of Wensleydale and Swaledale. The 

 reader interested in these features will find them described in some 

 detail, and their probable mode of formation discussed, in my paper 

 in the Quarterly journal so often referred to. 



The only true moraines occurring in the area under notice are 

 those tiny accumulations already referred to (p. 133) as due to the 

 action of the later glaciers that came after the close of the com- 

 paratively warm period when the Ice Sheet was melting. 



Marine Organisms in High Level Drifts. — There are no shelly 

 glacial drifts in Edenside, but if there were, the occurrence of such 

 would by no means imply that any submergence of the land had 

 taken place. Indeed I might take the present opportunity of 

 again stating my conviction that, excepting some low-lying maritime 

 deposits, which need not be considered here, there is absolutely 

 no evidence of any submergence whatever. And I may add that 

 much of the evidence that has been adduced elsewhere in support 

 of such theories,[seems to me capable of quite a different interpret- 

 ation. There were, doubtless, many small oscillations of level, 

 especially in the earlier part of the Glacial Period ; but, like the 

 evidence for any interglacial periods of warmth (except the one 

 following the climax), the evidence of such in the North-West of 

 England seems to be entirely gone now. 



In regard to the origin of many such shell-bearing deposits, 

 excluding such as those of the Clyde, I still fail to see any difficulty 

 in regarding the present position of the included marine organisms 

 as due to the same causes that carried rocks inland and uphill 

 from the bottom of the Eden Valley on to the summit of Stainnioor, 

 a thousand feet or more above the source of the parent rock. I 

 believe that the original deposits containing those marine organisms 

 now in the drift, have worked up into the ice (perhaps as Clement 

 Reid has suggested, while the matrix enclosing them was itself 

 frozen), and that, once in the ice, they have gradually risen to 

 higher levels in it, under the combined action of ablation and 

 turgescence, as the ice slowly moved landward. Then, when the 



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