4t 



1 will close these remarks with a brief outline of the zones of life that 

 these Lower Measures exhibit, and I would observe that they are not merely 

 interesting as a geological study, but have their value as a means of identifying 

 the various seams. Unfortunately, almost every valley has its own nomenclature, 

 so that seams which are obviously the same are called by different names, very 

 much to the confusion of the practical geology of the district. My friend, Mr. 

 Adams, however (whom, by the way, I must congratulate on the strong force 

 of naturalists with which he has this day opened the campaign of the Cardiff 

 Society), with myself and one or two other observers, have succeeded, during 

 several years' careful work, in proving the existence of certain special fossils 

 in their own special zones of coals, an account of which, together with illus- 

 trations, you may see in the Geological Sui-vey, No. III., "Iron Ores of South 

 "Wales." 



Commencing from above downwards we have — 



1. Soap vein ; iron ore, containing ferns, worm burrow and shells, Anthracomya, 



2. Black pins; iron. Ferns and shells, Anthracosia. 



3. Elled coal. Very abundant in ferns, of which some 20 or 30 species have 



been found. (See GJeologist,) Vol I. Page 124. 



4. Big vein coaL 



5. Big vein mine ; iron. Shells, Anthracosia. 



6. Three-quarter coal. 



7. Three-quarter mine ; iron. Shells, Anthracomya. 



8. Bydylog coal. 



9. Pin Will Shone mine ; iron. Shells, Athi/ris planosu'cata— the highest 



known occurrence of this shell, which is a Mountain Limestone species, 



10. Darren mine ; iron. Shells, Anthracosia, Myalina, &c. 



11. Engine coal and mine ; iron. Shells, Spirifer, Productus, &c. 



12. Gloin goch Bach coaL 



13. Yard coal. 



14. Old coal. 



15. Black band mine ; iron. Shells, Anthracosia ; fish, Rhizodus. 



16. SiJotted vein mine ; iron. Crustacean tracks, Spirorhis carbonaritts. 



17. Red vein mine ; iron. Shells, Anthracosia, Modiola, Edmondia, &o. 



18. Blue vein mine ; iron. Shells. Myalina, Spirorhis. 



19. Bottom vein coal. 



20. Bottom vein mine; iron. Fishes, Megalichthys, Palceoniscus, Amblypterus, 



Helodus, &c. 



21. Kosser veins ; iron and coaL 



This latter is a most interesting series, lying in a rock called the " Fare- 

 well Rock," close above the Millstone Grit. The obvious impossibility of finding 

 coal at a lower depth has given it this name. In the Rosser veins a very large 

 number of marine shells and fishes have been discovered, and I succeeded in 

 tracing the vein, with its fossil cont-ents, through the whole of the North crop, 

 a distance of 60 or 70 miles. 



