183 
written from the Roman point of view, and so, though with no consciousness of 
deceit, making the most of the dangers and difficulties the Roman arms encoun- 
tered; while satisfied with a hurried glance at hindrances and rebuffs, in his 
impetuosity to alight on ‘‘ the glorious victory ” ; which as it crushed the hope of 
Silurian independence, virtually gave the death-blow to resistance to the Roman 
occupation of Britain. To quote from a former paper: “Tt seems that after 
Julius Cesar’s second invasion in B.¢. 54, Britain was unmolested for nearly a 
century, 7.¢., till A.D. 43. Czsar’s conquests did not extend, perhaps, north of the 
Thames ; but the results of his invasion, in mercantile intercourse, etc., worked 
wonders, considering the initial barbarism, in civilizing not only the southern, 
but the south-eastern tribes.” Romans and Romanized Gauls were continually 
and increasingly settling in Britain; the people more and more affected Roman 
manners, while the young nobles and richer commoners sought, no doubt, at Rome 
the education their own land could hardly yet afford. There was thus a current 
of sympathy with their conquerors flowing in constantly augmented volume; and 
we may see in the court of Cunobelin, King of the Trinobantes (the Cymbeline 
of Shakespeare), who was the acknowledged King of the south, how the country 
was being gradually prepared for its impending humiliation ; just as, a thousand 
years later in our national history, the Saxon Court of Edward the Confessor 
foreshadowed the Norman Conquest. Though London and Camulodunum 
(Maldon in Essex) were at this time considerable towns, and a gold coinage was in 
circulation, our British predecessors of the south-east seem to have lost all their 
old patriotism in the peace and prosperity which the reigns of Augustus and 
Tiberius allowed them; for, when the request of a son of Cunobelin gave 
Caligula the opportunity of invasion, his general, Aulus Plautius, (said to be 
husband of Gladys, sister of Caradoc, a Christian, see Tacit: Annal: xiii. 32) 
landed in Kent without the least opposition ;—in fact, the Cantii and Regni 
(tribes of Kent and Sussex) rather welcomed the invader. But not so the Trino- 
bantes (still the chief tribe, as in Cesar’s time), who were now governed by 
Caradoc, a son of Cunobelin. They, for a while, assuined a valour, if they had it 
not! The course of the struggle may, perhaps, be followed by the line of Roman 
camps, but Tacitus fails us from a.D., 43-47. It seems that Caradoc was driven 
north of the Thames, perhaps into Gloucestershire, and to the borders of the 
Silures. 
In a.v. 44, after fighting 30 battles, Vespasian reduced the south-west of 
Britain. The Iceni (Norfolk and Suffolk) submitted, and Cogidubnus, chief of 
the Regni; so that by the end of a.p. 44 Britain, except the north, the midland 
counties, and Wales, was annexed to the Roman Empire. 
The year 47 brings us the first notice of Britain in the Annals. It was 
during this year that Ostorius Scapula, the future conqueror of Caradoc, was 
appointed to the command of the Roman army in Britain. His tirst operation 
was to occupy with encampments the whole country to the Gloucestershire Avon 
and Severn; and after conquering the Iceni, who had rebelled, and the Cangi (?), 
the Roman general invaded the territories of the Silures, who it is certain occupied 
South Wales (7.e., the shires of Hereford, Monmouth, Radnor, Brecon, and Gla- 
