184 
morgan), and may have extended into Gloucestershire along the banks of the Avon. 
The Silures seem to have succeeded to the position of the Trinobantes, whose name 
does not occur in the campaign, and exasperated by the threat of Claudius to ex- 
terminate them as he had the Sicambri, they passed, under command of Caradoc, 
northwards, into the territory of the Ordovices on the approach of Ostorius. 
Here Caradoc was joined by many refugees ‘‘qui pacem nostram metuebant.” 
There is no doubt, I believe, that ‘‘ Brandon Camp,” (Bravinium) was a camp 
of Ostorius. It is placed on a tableland adjoining the branch of the Great 
Watling street, which went from Uriconium over the Severn to Caer Leon (Ant : 
Itin : ii.,, xii.) and encloses some five or six acres. 
Coxwall Knoll, two miles to the north-west, I take to be the champion 
fortress of Caradoc, which, from its position with regard to Brandon Camp, would 
be the most convenient hill in the neighbourhood from which to observe the move- 
ments of Ostorius ; and as we shall see, capable of fortification sufficient to make 
up, in a great degree, for its comparative want of space. The river, then, of 
varying depth (vado incerto), which ran between the confronted armies was the 
Teme (in Welsh Tevidiog. The termination iog or ioch being equivalent to iacum 
in Latin). It is not necessary to stay to consider whether the Teme offers 
difficulties for advance or retreat which Tacitus says the nameless ammnis offered 
Ostorius. The Teme may be a much smaller river than it was 1,800 years ago. 
And it is possible that the alluvium, three-eighths of a mile wide at Bucknell, 
represents a wider bed than we see now. It is also probable that this campaign of 
Ostorius, begun at the beginning of winter (ccepta hieme) may have had to contend 
with swollen rivers. But the difficulties were more apparent than real; for 
Tacitus says the ford was effected with ease (haud difficulter!). And now we 
come to the argument by which our theory must, I think, stand or fall. You will 
have noticed that Tacitus draws a distinction between the position Caradoe occu- 
pied and the threatening hill-tops (imminentia juga) that lay in the rear. The 
“forlorn hope” seems to have fortified all the neighbouring hills so as to 
appropriate all the natural advantages of the place ; and, till the river was crossed, 
Caradoc ‘‘was flying hither and thither” (hue illuc volitans), exhorting the 
defenders rather to die than yield, for “that day and that battle would be the 
beginning of the recovery of their freedom, or of everlasting bondage” (illum 
diem, illam aciem testabatur aut recuperande libertatis, aut servitutis eterne 
initium fore). Tacitus owns that the enthusiasm which Caradoc’s words kindled 
confounded Ostorius. He was daunted, too, he says, by (1) the river in his face 
(objectus amnis) ; (2) the rampart in addition (additum vallum) ; (3) the threatening 
hill-tops (imminentia juga) ; and the stern resistance and masses of fighting men 
everywhere apparent. If you could see Coxwall Knoll, and the semi-circle of 
hills supporting it from the farther side of the Teme, you would not find much 
difficulty in applying the description Tacitus gives. Then agaiu at the end of the 
33rd chapter Caradoc is said to have drawn up his armed bands, pro munimentis, 
not, of course, ‘‘in front of,” but ‘‘on the front ridge of his defences.” This, read 
after what he says about piling up stones to serve as a rampart (in modum valli) 
wherever the sides of lofty hills could be approached by a gentle slope, seems to 
