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walled nose), the remains of which are very abundant in caves in England and the 
beds of our ancient rivers, especially of the Thames. Entire specimens of the 
skeletons of this animal have been found in Siberia, and it is known to have been 
furnished with a protecting covering of hair and wool like the mammoth. It once 
ranged throughout Europe in vast herds. Of the deer tribe Mr. Boyd Dawkins 
determined the presence of the great Irish deer (Megaceros Hibernicus), and the 
teeth of this animal are tolerably numerous. It was a true deer intermediate 
between the fallow and the reindeer, and was once very abundant in Ireland. 
These perfect skeletons are occasionally disentombed from lacustrine marls below 
the peat mosses, and you may see one in the British Museum. 
The Earl of Enniskillen has a grand collection of heads with antlers, several 
of them showing an expanse of 10 feet across from tip to tip. I need hardly say 
that this noble animal is now extinct. There is evidence that it survived in Ireland 
until the habitation of that country by the hunter, man. The reindeer’s teeth and 
horns, the horns being gnawed, were also detected by Mr. Boyd Dawkins among 
our earlier specimens, and relics of this animal have been found since. It appears 
that this animal was still living in the north of Germany in the time of Cesar, 
since which it has retreated to Northern Europe, Asia, and America. It has been 
extinct in Great Britain for a long period, though there is evidence that it lingered 
on to the formation of the peat bogs of Scotland. So numerous was it once in 
Great Britain that Dr. Falconer was enabled to determine the remains of more 
than 1,000 individuals from one cave at Gower, in the Museum of Lieut-Col. 
Wood. It is found in our English Caverns and river sands and gravels, and in a 
very few instances in peat mosses. The condition of its bones and antlers proves 
that it fell a prey to the cave hyena, and it is an important animal, as we may 
from its presence reasonably infer the kind of climate in the days when its herds 
roamed in Dean Forest and over the country where is now Wales. It requires for 
its food the reindeer, moss and lichen, with other sub-arctic plants, which now 
cover the great space round the Arctic Seas. It now thrives in the zones where 
once the Mammoth and the Tichorhine Rhinoceros fed on the Arctic willow and 
birch, and fir cones and shoots, and where they were sheltered by wool and hair 
from the inclemency of the climate. It is associated, too, in various parts of 
Great Britain with the remains of the marmot and lemming, and even that now 
most northern quadruped, the musk ox, which with the reindeer, as the 
climate became warmer here, had to migrate northwards and northwards still, in 
order to find the herbs on which it feeds, and the climate which suits its condition. 
The remains of the bison of Europe, or the Auroch, are comparatively rare 
in the Wye caves, although they are numerous in the caves of Banwell and other 
parts of Somersetshire. We have, however, found bones and teeth. The bison of 
Europe, once so abundant on the continent and ancient Britain, is now exclusively 
confined to the forest of Bialowikza, in Lithuania, where it is protected by the 
most stringent laws to prevent its utter extinction. It is not adapted to so cold a 
climate as the reindeer or the musk ox. One relic of the old British bull (Bos 
longifrons) was found in the upper surface earth of one of the caves belonging to 
