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afterwards chiefly as regards the nomenclature and varieties of those oldest, best 
known, and valued. 
The Joanetting or Juneting, the Margaret, the Pomeroy, the Costard, the 
Winter Quoining or Queening, the Russet or Royal Russet, the Lemon or Quince 
Pippin, the Golden Pippin, the Nonpareil, the Beefing and the Margil. Among 
cider fruit the Red Dymock, the Forest Styre, the Royal Wilding, the Red Streak, 
the Woodcock, and the Foxwhelp. This list includes, I believe, nearly all the old 
historic varieties— some flourishing, some lingering on to the present day. 
The etymology of the Joanetting, or Juneting apple is so singular, and 
decides the name of so many other apples and pears, that I shall not apologise for 
selecting it. It is one of the oldest and earliest bearing apples, hence the mistake 
about its name being June eating, in allusion to its maturity at the end of June or 
July. Dr. Hogg traces its name to Joanetting, from its apples ripening about St. 
John’s day ; for a similar reason the next apple, the Margaret takes its name from 
St. Margaret’s day, July 20th when the apple would be in season. 
The Costard is one of our oldest English apples; the variety is actually 
mentioned by name on a fruiterer’s bill, in Edward I’s reign, 1292 (as previously 
alluded to), and although now almost extinct, still used to be so common, that 
retailers of it (even the very price mentioned at 1s. per 100), were called 
“‘ Costard-monger,” a name in popular use now in the word “‘ Costermonger.” 
Some etymologists (including the great Dr. Johnson) consider the name Costard 
to be derived from cost a head, but why it is difficult to tell. Dr. Hogg traces 
the name to Costatus Ang. Costate, or ribbed, on account of the prominent ribs 
on its sides, 
The Quoining or Queening is an old apple of which we have many varieties 
in Herefordshire (notably the Cowarne Quoining, a most valuable apple) which 
were excellently and numerously shown at our Pomological exhibition. The name 
Quoining may be traced by the angularity of the shape of the apple (similarly as in 
the Costard) from the word coin or quoin—the corner stone of a building. 
The Catshead is another very old apple still grown among us, but chiefly I 
have noticed in cottagers’ gardens, where, however, it is gradually giving way, 
especially in Herefordshire, to the Hawthornden, and Lord Suffield. 
Phillipps sings its praises thus,— 
““The Catshead, weighty orb, 
Enormous in its growth.” 
The old and Winter Pearmain must by no means be omitted. It is the very 
oldest historic variety we have. In Bloomfield’s ‘‘ History of Norfolk,” as quoted 
by Hogg, there is curious mention made of a tenure in that county, by petty 
Sergeantry, and the payment of 200 Pearmains, and 4 hogsheads of cider of 
Pearmains, into the exchequer at the feast of St. Michael. 
The origin of the name is equally curious. In early historical works of the 
same period Charlemagne is written Charlemaine, the last syllable as Pearmaine, 
and as Charlemaine was derived from Carolus Magnus, so Pearmaine is derived 
from Pyrus Magnus, the great Pear Apple, in allusion to its pyriform shape, 
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