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after that, geologically speaking, before England was separated from the 

 Continent. 



Our Eocene terrestrial fauna is the same as that of the Eocene of France. 

 Our Miocene^fauna is of the same general type as the fauna of the Continent — 

 most of them extinct species, consisting of elephants, hippopotami, rhinoceroses, 

 horses, deer, oxen, pigs, tigers, bears, beavers, &c. Mingled with the bones of 

 extinct and modern species in Great Britain, flint implements and other works of 

 man have been found. I have myself found in the excavation of the Worm Brook, 

 near St. Devereux, flint knives and arrow heads, of the most perfect workman- 

 ship of their kind. 



It has been proved, almost to a demonstration, that man, who fashioned 

 these rude implements, existed at the time of the extinct animals. The climate 

 under which the post-glacial animals lived was continental in character , the ex- 

 treme cold of winter and the extreme heat of summer were more intense than 

 when England became an island. 



With each change of circumstance there is full geological proof that there 

 has been a corresponding modification in the animal and vegetable world, so that 

 the harmony between life and its surroundings has always been maintained. 

 The common red deer, for instance, at the time when Britain formed part of the 

 mainland of Europe, during the jjost-glacial epoch, in consequence of the large 

 extent of its feeding grounds, grew to an enormous size, and possessed antlers 

 much larger than those now borne by English varieties. During pre-historic 

 times, after the insulation of Britain and the consequent submergence of the low- 

 lying districts, the restricted range of its territory is manifested in the animal's 

 diminished size ; but even then it was far superior to any now living in Great 

 Britain, for the cultivated lands were but an oasis in one large forest. From that 

 time to the present the red deer has been growing smaller exactly in proportion to 

 the restriction of its area. The difference in the size of the antlers is so marked, 

 that it would be possible to ascertain, approximately, the antiquity of a deposit 

 in which they might be found from that fact alone. There is another cause of 

 its reduction in size. During post-glacial times men were few, and the lion and 

 hyena prayed on the weakest and less active ; while in the pre-historic period 

 man increased and multiplied to such a degree, that he made an impression on 

 wild animals, and as far as he could, selected the finest for his prey. 



In regard to one of the sources of our domestic cattle, Bos longifrons, the 

 animal has been found in no geological formation older than the comparatively 

 modern alluvium and turbaries. The first evidence of its domestication is afforded 

 by the remains in the Swiss lake dwellings belonging to the stone age. Through- 

 out the ages of bronze and iron it was the principal food of the dwellers in 

 France, Germany, Britain, and Italy. 



The Bos longifrons, so far as we have any evidence, did not live with the 

 rhinoceros or elephant, or any of the characteristic post-glacial animals. I bebeve 

 the animal was introduced into Europe by very primitive herdsmen, along with 



