81 



Tbe order of eruption of the teeth of the apes and man is, I believe, 

 not the same, although the number is the same. 



Neck.— Passing on to the neck, we find that man, and the gorilla and 

 all other apes and all other mammals (except the sloth, which has nine) agree 

 in having seven vertebiM, the articulations of which, I believe, are similar in 

 man and the apes ; but in man the vertebra; support no spines, which in 

 the apes, especially the gorilla, are very large, in order to give attachment 

 to the muscles which support the head; this arrangement shows that the 

 upright position is not the natural one with the apes. 



Arms.— The anterior extremities of the apes are largely developed and 

 much longer in proportion to the height of the body than in man. In the 

 case of the gibbon they reach to the ground when the animal is standing 

 upright. The bones of the fore-arm are always long and strong, and the 

 fingers are longer and the thumb shorter and weaker in proportion to the 

 size of the hand than in man. Very frequently the arms of the apes are 

 stronger than their legs, and almost always longer ; in man the reverse of this 

 is the case. The bones and muscles in the arms and hands of man and the 

 higher apes are the same. In the Orang and lower apes, the carpus has nine 

 bones instead of eight. 



Spine. — With respect to the spine or backbone, the entire number of 

 separate vertebras is the same in the gorilla and in man ; but in man there 

 are twelve dorsal and five lumbar, while in the gorilla there are thirteen 

 dorsal or four lumbar, that is, man has twelve ribs, and the gorilla thirteen. 

 The beautffnl "S" like curve in the spine of man is not observable in the 

 spine of the apes. 



Pelvis. — The pelvis of man is very different from that of the ape; it 

 is much broader and more expanded than that of the ape, and gives surface 

 of attachment to those large muscles which enable man to maintain his upright 

 position, and is one of the many points in the structure of man which so 

 clearly indicate his exalted posstion in the animal kingdom. 



Legs. — With regard to the posterior members, considerable diversity exists 

 among the apes as to the proportions which they bear to the spine, but gene- 

 rally speaking the legs are shorter in proportion to the spine in the higher apes 

 than in man, and much less muscular in proportion to the weight of the 

 body, another indication that the apes were not intended to be bipedal in 

 their gait. 



Knee-Joint. — Professor Humphrey, of Cambridge University, has, in the 

 Journal of Anatomy and Physiohgy, shown how the condyle of the femur at 

 the knee-joint of the chimpanzee is almost circular, and that the lateral 

 ligaments attached to it are attached nearly at the centre of the condyle, 

 unlike the arrangement in man, where the condyle is elongated and the 

 ligaments are attached much nearer the posterior than the anterior surface of 

 the condyle, and when the leg is straight all the ligaments are tight, an 

 arrangement eminently conducive to the stability of the upright position. In 



