NECTURUS MACULATUS. 435 
Antibrachium and manus ; crus and pes.— These parts in the two limbs are almost 
indistinguishable from one another, as may be seen by a comparison of figures 14 and 15 
(plate 66), which were drawn from the right anterior and posterior limbs of the same 
individual by the aid of a camera lucida. Corresponding to a difference in use of elbow 
and knee, the proximal ends of ulna and radius are different from those of tibia and fibula, 
but otherwise the parts correspond as closely as do consecutive parapodia of a polychaet- 
ous Annelid. 
The ulna shows a greater sigmoid notch and the radius a capitulum, both for the 
reception of parts of the distal epiphysis of the humerus. Furthermore, these bones are 
a little longer than are the tibia and fibula. Carpus and tarsus are exact duplicates in 
the two limbs and consist of two proximal bones, a centrale, and three bones of the distal 
row. In the proximal row the intermedium is fused with the outer element (ulnare or 
fibulare), leaving between them a foramen for the transmission of an artery.’ In the dis- 
tal row, digits IL and III have each a distinct element, while those corresponding to IV 
and V are fused. Four digits, II-V, are represented in each case, each with a well devel- 
oped metacarpal or metatarsal and nine phalanges, three in the fourth digit and two in 
each of the others. Three phalanges in the third digit, also, is a not uncommon anomaly. 
LITERATURE. 
Bumpus, H. C. 
°97. A contribution to the study of variation. (Skeletal variations of Necturus maculatus Raf.) Journ. of morphol., 
vol, 12, p. 455-484, pl. A-C. 
Cope, E. D. 
89. The Batrachia of North America. Bull. U.S. nat. mus., no. 34, 525 pp., 119 figs., 86 pls. 
Fischer, J. G. 
°64. Anatomische abhandlungen tiber die Perennibranchiata und Derotremen, 4°. Taf. 1-8. 
Gadow, H. 
97. On the evolution of the vertebral column of Amphibia and Amniota. Phil. trans. royal soc. London, vol. 187, 
series B, p. 1-57, fig. 1-56. 
Gaupp, E. 
792. Beitriige zur morphologie des schiidels. 1. Morphol. arbeiten, bd. 2, p. 275-481, taf. 13-16. 
94a. Beitriige zur morphologie des schidels. 2. Das hyo-branchial skelet der Anuren und seine umwandlung. Mor- 
phol. arbeiten, bd. 5, h. 3, p. 899-488, fig. 1, taf. 18-19. 
94b. Beitriize zur morphologie des schidels. 3. Zur vergleichenden anatomie der schlitengegend am knochernen 
wirbelthier-schiidel. Morphol. arbeiten, bd. 4, h. 1, p. 77-130, tat. 6-7. 
96. Die anatomie des frosches. (New edition of the well known book of Ecker and Wiedersheim.) 1896, 
Gegenbaur, C. 
92. Die epiglottis. Vergleichend-anatomische studie. 4°: p. 1-69, fig. 1-14, taf. 1-2. 
'The artery in the hand which runs through the foramen carpale is the art. cubitalis which thus reaches the dorsal sur- 
face and is distributed to the digits, In the foot a similar function is performed by the continuation of the art. femoralis. 
