2 PROF. G. B. HOWES AND MR. H. H. SWINNERTON ON THE 
cephalia, which now, in its extended form, would appear to embrace a series of 
genera and species occupying a truly central position among the terrestrial vertebrates. 
Since the publication of Dr. Giinther’s memoir on Sphenodon, the discovery by Baur 
and others of its vomerine teeth, and by Spencer of its parietal-eye, have more especially 
increased our knowledge of this remarkable animal beyond that which is ordinary. 
One of its most distinctive characters is the forward prolongation of the pterygoids 
to meet the vomers with apposition in the middle line. ‘The mere forward prolongation 
referred to is a feature already recognizable among the Batrachia and Stegocephalia ; 
but special interest attaches to the median apposition, as there is little room for 
doubt that in that there lies the clue to the reduction and suppression of the para- 
sphenoid in the ascending series of the Amniota. This important Rhynchocephalian 
character, long recognized in the Crocodilia and Dinosauria, has during recent years 
been discovered in the Ichthyosauria! and the Plesiosauria? by Lydekker and others, 
and probably in the Pterosauria by Newton®, and it justifies the conclusion that 
the living Sphenodon may be the sole surviving representative of an early and 
widely ancestral amniote type. While the recent confirmation by Menzbier* and 
Pycraft® of Brandt’s discovery in 1839° that the Avian pterygoid may reach the 
vomer, with their further demonstration, that while this is a permanent feature of 
some Ratite and the Tinamous among the higher birds, this Rhynchocephalian 
character becomes lost during ontogeny under secondary segmentation and co- 
ossification of parts, as the progressively modified facial skeleton comes into closer 
relationship with the basis cranii, would seem to indicate an origin for the class Aves 
from some more primitive reptilian type than might otherwise have been supposed ‘— 
from something lower than the Dinosauria. Beyond this, Cope in 18708, and Seeley 
in 18749, have drawn attention to certain Chelonian resemblances in the Rhyncho- 
cephalia. In this they have been more recently followed by Boulenger, who regards ne 
' Lydekker, R.: Brit. Mus. Cat. Fossil Rept. & Amphib., Part 2, 1859, p. 5. Of. also Baur, G.: Anat. Anz. 
Bad. x. 1895, p. 456 ; and (concerning the Rhynchocephalian affinity) Americ. Nat. vol. xxi, 1887, p. 337. 
2 Lydekker, R.: originally in Pl. dolichodirus, ibid. p. 257. Cf. also Andrews, C. W.: on Peloneustes, 
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. xvi. 1895, p. 248, and on “The Structure of the Plesiosaurian Skull” in 
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. li. 1896, p. 246. 
2 Newton, E. T.: Phil. Trans. vol. 179 B. 1888, p. 503. 
* Menzbier, M. v.: Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscon (n.s.), tome i. 1887, p. 492. 
® Pycraft, W. P.: P. Z. 8. 1898, pp. 973-974. 
* Brandt, J.: Mém Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. (vi.), Sci. Nat. tome iii. p. 81, & espec. pl. xvii. fig. 3 (Rhyncops). 
7 Provided the so-called ‘ hemipterygoid” has the value claimed for it. It must not be forgotten that 
Archeopteryx appears to have had “ abdominal ribs” (Dames, Paleontol. Abhandlg. Berlin, 1884, Bd. 2, 
p. 144), and that “intercentra” occur in most of the groups of non-Passeres among living birds (Beddard, 
P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 465). 
® Cope, E. D.: Proc. Americ. Assoc, vol. xix. 1870, p. 233. 
* Seeley, H. G.: Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xi. 1876, p. 183. 
© Boulenger, G. A.: Brit. Mus, Cat. Crocodilia and Chelonia, 1889, p. 1. 
