16 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 



Natural associates of Eriocera on these gravel beds were 

 ground-beetles of the genera Omophron, Schizo genius, Dyschir- 

 ius, Bembidium and Agonoderus; click beetles, Cryptoliypnus, 

 and rove-beetles, of which Ptederus, Lathrohhon and Cryp- 

 tobium were the commonest forms. A large larva of Corydalis 

 about ready to pupate and an abundance of larva; and pupae of 

 horse-flies, Tabanidce, were taken. 



The larvae of E. spinosa were found in great numbers in these 

 gravel-banks on May 1. They occurred with young and mature 

 pupae of E. longicornis which were emerging in great numbers 

 at this time. On May 27, both larvae and pupae of spinosa were 

 found to be very abimdant, larvae being more numerous in the 

 wetter places, pupae in the dryer spots. They occurred at 

 various distances from the water's edge, from within a foot 

 to as far back as eight or ten feet from the shore. The pupae 

 occur in short, more or less vertical burrows, from one to three 

 inches below the surface. Not often were larvae and pupae 

 found in close proximity to one another. Pupae of spinosa, as 

 well as all others of the tribe so far as known, are very active 

 when removed from their burrows, wriggling rapidly to and 

 fro, and are exceedingly tenacious of life. Larvae, as found on 

 May 27, were mostly contracted ; a few, however, were expand- 

 ed and had the su])terminal segment of the abdomen swollen. 

 In this regard it may be mentioned that almost all of the 

 larvae of crane-flies that live in the sand or mud along stream 

 banks, have this power of inflating the end of the abdomen. 

 Larvae of Eriopterini, Limnophilini , Pedicini and Hexatomini 

 have been observed with this conspicuous enlargement. It is 

 apparently used to propel the larva through the soil by alter- 

 nate expansion and contraction of the segment. 



Larvae of this species were placed in breeding-jars on May 

 13, and adult flies emerged on the 28th. It is probable that the 

 pupal stage is not longer than ten to twelve days, but this 

 was undoubtedly accelerated by the increased warmth of the 

 laboratory. The natural pupal period may be as long as two 

 weeks. On May 30, a large number of larvae and pupae were 

 brought into the laboratory in a bucket of gravel. Some of the 



