106 JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 



after the melting of the suow. The hxrva of Phalacrocera 

 replicata L. has long been known to entomologists as it was 

 first figured by Degeer in 1776. It lives in the water amongst 

 the aquatic plants and mosses ; Bengtsson and Mueggenburg 

 believe that it has but one generation in a year, spending the 

 entire winter in the larval state; Miall and Shelf ord, however, 

 think that it is possible that there are two or more generations 

 of Phalacrocera in a single season. The species of the genus 

 Liogma O. S. are terrestrial, and live on mosses of the genus 

 Hi/jmum Dill. They will be considered in detail in the remain- 

 der of the paper. 



The genus Liogma was proposed in 1869 by Osten Sacken 

 for the two species known at the time, Cylindrotoma glahrata 

 Meigen of the western Palearctic region and C. nodicornis 

 Osten Sacken of the eastern Nearctic region. The erection of 

 the genus at this time was merely tentative and neither species 

 was designated as tyY>e; it was not until later that the 

 American nodicornis was chosen. A third species, Liogma 

 kuwanai Alexander, has been described from the eastern Pale- 

 arctic region but of this form only the adult fly is known. 



The larva of the European species, Liogma glahrata, was 

 first found by Mr. DeEossi in 1876, but its discoverer was quite 

 at a loss to identifj' his remarkable insect. In 1878, Osten 

 Sacken, using this short description of DeEossi, pointed out 

 the affinities of this larva with the Cylindrotomini and sug- 

 gested that it was the larva of Triogma, then unknown. In 

 1901, Dr. Mueggenburg 's excellent paper on Liogma glahrata 

 appeared and the larva and pupa are therein described in great 

 detail. The larva of glahrata was found in the woods in the 

 environs of Berlin, in grassy wet spots where the moss, 

 Hypnnm squarrosum Brch. & Schp., occurs. The following 

 interesting details are taken from Dr. Mueggenburg's paper: 

 the complete metamorphosis of the insect requires one year, 

 of which time but a comparatively short period is occupied by 

 the egg (8 to 10 days) and pupal state (11 to 12 days). The 

 duration of the adult life is not known but it is certainly short 

 and even in the male sex occupies but a few weeks at the 



