580 CLASS XVII. 



furnished on tlie inside with longitudinal folds, but these are far 

 less deep and much fewer in numher, and consequently more remote 

 from each other than tlie laminas of the manyplies. The first three 

 stomachs are apparently divisions of the blind sac which is found on 

 the left side of the stomach in man {fundus ventriculi), and which 

 in the carnivores is very small. The fourth stomach also is at 

 first, whilst the animal still sucks, the largest, and the paunch 

 increases in capacity only at a later period, the dilatation depend- 

 ing upon the food, as Daubenton demonstrated by feeding one 

 lamb with bread and another with grass. The first two stomachs, 

 therefore, are reservoirs, in which the large quantity of food, which 

 ruminants are used to appropriate in a short time, is macerated, and 

 in a physiological point of view correspond in some degree with the 

 buccal pouches of certain monkeys. From these first two stomachs 

 the food thus macerated is returned in small portions along the 

 oesophagus upwards to the mouth, is chewed a second time, or rather 

 is now for the first time finely comminuted by the molar teeth, and is 

 then conveyed downwards agiiin by the oesophagus. The oesophagus 

 conveys the food thus swallowed a second time in a canal or chan- 

 nel which, as a continuation of itself, passes along the inside of the 

 hood to the manyplies '. In the camel, the lama, and the Moschus 

 Javaniciis, the third stomach or manyplies is wanting; in the last- 

 named animal the red is smooth and without folds ^. In the camels 

 and lamas the paunch is destitute of papillte internally, but has 

 large cells below and at the side in which water is preserved or 

 separated. In the hood the cells are smaller and more numerous^. 



The gastric juice, which is secreted during digestion when the 

 food stimulates'' the walls of the stomach, is acid. In ruminants 



^ Compare Daubenton Memoire sur le mecanisme de la rumination, &c., Mem. de 

 I'Acad. des Sc. de Paris, 1 768, pp. 389 et suiv., P. Campee Lessen over de thans zweevende 

 veesterfte, Leeuwarden, 1769, Svo (included also in the CEuvres de P. Camper, Paris, 

 1803, Tome III. pp. I — 157, PI. 28); H. Vink Lessen over de herkaamving der Run- 

 deren, Rotterdam, 1770, 8vo, with 2 plates, &c. 



2 Compare W. V. Rapp, Erichson's Archiv f. Naturr/esch. ix. 1843, s. 43 — 54, 

 Tab. II. and F. S. Leuckart, Mueller's Arcldv, 1843, s. 24 — 27, Tab. 11. fig. 3. 



3 See the beautiful figures in Home's Lectures on Comp. Anat. 11. Tab. 23 — 25 ; 

 compare Rapp Ueher die Wassercellen im Magen der Kameele in Heusinger's Zeitschr. 

 fur die organ. Physih, i. 4, s. 449 u. flF, 



* The mucous membrane of the stomach in man and most mammals consists of 

 tubular gland-sacs which are placed parallel to each other and perpendicular to the 

 surface ; by their blind extremity, simple or branched, they terminate in the cellular 



