644 CLASS XVII. 



Ruminant ov hisulcate animals. Of rumination and the com- 

 pound stomach we have ah-eady treated above (p. 579). In this 

 order we find the animals of greatest utility to man, and of which 

 the possession forms the principal riches of many races of people. 



Compare on this order: C. J. Sdndevall Methodisk ofversigt af idis- 

 lande djuren, Linne's Pecora; K. Vetensh. Akad. Handl. 1844, PP- i^i 

 — 210, PI. 13, 14, 1845, pp. 265 — 280. (Translated into German by 

 HoRNSCHUCH in his Arcliiv skandinavischer Beitrdge zur Naturgesch. 2ter 

 Theil, Greifswald, 1847, s. 78 — 160, s. 261 — 320; also pubhshed separately, 

 Metlwdische Uehersicht der wiedcrkduenden Thiere.) 



Family XVII. Tylopoda Illig. Feet callous beneath, with 

 sole not divided, didactylous, with supplementary hoofs none. 

 Hoofs imperfect, covering the upper surface of digits only. Horns 



2 . . 



none. Incisors ^; canines in both jaws. 



The camels of the Old, and the lamas of the New World form a 

 small group very distinctly separate from the rest of the ruminantia 

 as well by their hoofs as by the possession of incisor teeth in the 

 upper jaw. These teeth are placed at the side of the intermaxillary 

 bone close to the canines, and agree with them in form. In the 

 presence of six incisors only in the lower jaw, in the lower jaw 

 being undivided, and in other peculiarities, chiefly osteological, the 

 camels form, in some sense, the transition from the ruminants to 

 the solidungulates ; see Cuvier Menag. du Mus. M. 8vo, i. p. 31, 

 Meckel Archiv filr die Physiol, viii. s. 1 — 20. In this circum- 

 stance also is the camel similar to the horse and not to the rest of 

 the ruminants that no cotyledones are present, but the vascular 

 villi are dispersed over the whole of the chorion. 



Gamelus L. (Characters of the family. Upper lip cloven; 

 neck very long.) 



c c 

 Camdus Guv., Illig. Molar teeth -^ — - , with first remote from 



the rest, resembling a canine in form. Toes conjoined underneath 

 nearly to the apex. Back with a single adipose hump, or with 

 two. Ears short, obtuse. 



Sp. Camelus dromedarius L., Buff. xi. PI. 9; Menaj. du Mus. 6d. 8vo, i. 

 pp. 126 — 139, with figure; Guee. Iconogr., Mmnmif. PI. 41, fig. 2, Diet, 

 univ. d'llist. nat., Mammif. PI. 12; the skeleton in Pander w. D'Alton 

 Skelete der Wiederkduer, Tab. 3 ; the camel or dromedary {Gamelus arahicus 

 Aristot. de Hist. Anim. Lib. 11. cap. 2) ; one hump on the back. In 

 front of the soft palate is situated a duplicature of the mucous membrane, 



