GRASSES. 123 
Sedges or Cyperaceze, although the latter belong already to that 
main-division of Monocotyledoneex, called Glumacee, in which the 
six-sepalled calyx of Rushes is missing, the glumes or scalelike 
bracts protecting like in grasses the stamens, the pistil and finally 
the fruit. The decrease of the sepals and stamens commences in 
the order of Restiacee, a group of plants transitory from Juncez 
to Cyperacez, and to which therefore with propriety in vernacular 
language the name Rush-Sedges might be given. Restiacee, 
mainly represented in extra-tropic Australia and South Africa, 
are not uncommon here, and no difficulty exists in distinguising 
them already from any Cyperacez by the very obvious note, that 
their leaf-stalks are not forming a closed cylinder, but are slit 
longitudinally like in Grasses. From real Juncez, whose habits 
they often share, they can be separated irrespective of the often 
less perfect flowers by the embryo being placed outside of the 
albumen. Restiaceze also with rare exceptions have unisexual 
flowers and one-celled anthers. 
XXI.—GRASSES 
AND OTHER GLUMACEOUS PLANTS. 
In the preceding pages some of the principal distinctions between 
Rushes and Sedges were poiuted out ; it is necessary now to give 
the means of discriminating between the latter (Cyperacee) and 
the Graminee, both orders constituting the Glumacee ; so called 
because bracts or glumes solely support the stamens and pistils, 
no sepals being developed in glumaceous plants»unless for them 
are substituted bristlets or rudimentary scales. The separation of 
the Glumaceee into their two great orders is easy enough. Cype- 
race possess usually solid stems ; their leafstalks form clasping 
cylinders not slit ; sepals absent or bristlets rarely scales instead 
