838 CYPERACEZ:. (Carex. 
long and narrow almost pungent teeth. Styles 3. Nut small, 
obovoid, trigonous.—R. Br. Prodr. 243; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 
448; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 441. C. Forsteri, 
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 315, in part (not of Wahl.). 
Var. fascicularis.—Rather taller and stouter. Spikelets 2-4 in. long, often 
pale red-brown when mature, further apart and on longer peduncles, that of the 
lowest sometimes 4-8 in. long. Utricles broader and more truncate at the base, 
suddenly narrowed into a longer linear stalk; beak narrower.—C. fascicularis, 
Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 283. 
NorrH anp Sours Isuanps: Abundant throughout in marshes or swampy 
woods. Sea-level to 3000 fc. November—February. 
Widely spread through the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Mr. 
C. B. Clarke is inclined to maintain the var. fascicularis as a distinct species. 
Orper XCII. GRAMINEA. 
Annual or perennial, erect or creeping herbs, rarely (bamboos) 
shrubby or arborescent. Stem (culm) branched at the base, cvlin- 
dricai or slightly compressed, jointed, generally hollow between the 
joints ; joints (modes) solid, swollen. Leaves alternate, distichous, 
usually iong and narrow, entire, parallel-veined; sheath long, split 
to the base on one side, at its junction with the blade usually 
furnished with an erect nembranous appendage called the ligule. 
Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, minute, solitary in the axils 
of small bracts (glwmes) which are imbricated in 2 opposite rows, 
forming little spikes or spikelets. Spikelets usually many, arranged 
in spikes, panicles, or fascicles. Glumes placed alternately on each 
side of the axis (rhachilla) of the spikelet, the first or lowest 1-6 
(commonly the first 2) empty and known as empty glumes or outer 
glumes, or simply as glumes. The succeeding 1 or several are 
called flowering glumes, each of them having in its axil a very short 
branchlet bearing on its upper side a 2-nerved bractlet called the 
palea ; the branchlet ending in a flower, which is thus enclosed by 
the flowering glume and palea. Occasionally 1 or more glumes at 
the top of the spikelet are empty or enclose rudimentary flowers 
only. Perianth wanting, unless represented by 2 (rarely 3) minute 
scales (lodicules). Stamens usually 8, rarely 1, 2, or 6, hypo- 
gynous ; filaments capillary ; anthers pendulous, versatile, fugacious. 
Ovary 1-celled; styles 2 or rarely 3, free or connate at the base, 
feathery with simple or branched stigmatic hairs; ovule solitary, 
erect, anatropous. Fruit a seed-like utricle or grain (caryopsis) 
either free within the flowering glume and palea, or adhering to one 
or both. Seed erect, usually adherent to the membranous pericarp, 
rarely separable (Sporobolus); albumen copious, farinaceous ; em- 
bryo very small, roundish, on one side of the base oi the albumen. 
One of the largest of the families of plants, found in all climates and situa- 
tions, but most numerous in temperate regions. Genera about 325; species 
