2 Journal of Entomology and Zoology 
known species, with a Holarctic distribution, there being two 
species from eastern North America, one from western 
North America, and three from Japan. Of the eastern North 
American species, the most common and best-known is the geno- 
type, Cladura flavoferruginea. The six known species of the genus 
a all forms that appear on the wing in late summer and in 
autumn. 
The only reference to the immature stages of this curious 
genus is the brief diagnosis by the writer (The Crane-flies of New 
York, Part II. Biology and Phylogeny. Cornell University Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, Memoir 38. p. 949; 1921). The geno- 
type is common and widely distributed throughout the northeastern 
United States, but until the present year the writer had been 
unable to locate the immature stages. The conditions under which 
these stages occur are briefly outlined herein. 
Augurville, or Brownsfield, Woods, near Urbana, Illinois, is 
an open, low Transitional or upper Austral woodland, traversed 
in spring and early summer by a small stream. In early 
spring the valley through which this brook flows is car- 
peted with a dense growth of Blue-eyed Mary (Collinsia verna). 
On the higher ground and dry slopes, other characteristic 
spring flowers, such as Trillium recurvatum, Claytonia 
virginica, squirrel-corn, dutchman’s breeches, blood-root, white 
trout-lily, and other forms, occur in numbers. The forest cover 
consists of linden, hard maple, buckeye, hackberry. bur oak, honey- 
locust, and a few less common species, certain individuals of all of 
these species being giants of their kind and evidently members of 
the primitive forest. The undergrowth consists principally of 
pawpaw and spice-bush, together with considerable reproduction 
of buckeyes and other trees. In the autumn, the vernal flora is 
replaced by the dominant wood-nettle, many species of Aster and 
Solidago, some Eupatorium and other late summer plants. Adults 
of Cladura flavoferruginea were found in these woods during the 
fall of 1919. 
On September 5, 1920, Mrs. Alexander and the writer began 
a systematic search for the larvae of Cladura. Earlier experience 
in Maine, New York, and Kansas had demonstrated that it was 
highly improbable that the early stages were to be found in mud, 
or even in damp earth, or in decaying wood, these habitats being 
those commonly frequented by the early stages of the Tipulidae. A 
careful search was instituted in soil that was baked comparatively 
hard and dry. The lumps were dug out and crumbled into dust, the 
contents being carefully examined. This method of search soon 
revealed a short, stout, light yellow crane-fly larva, that was at 
once determined as probably being that of Cladura. On this date, 
the only other insects associated with this larva were larvae of the 
Scarabaeid, Xyloryctes satyrus (Fabr.), a Tenebrionid, Meracan- 
tha contracta (Beauv.), and a few adult Corabidae and Staphy- 
