34 NEW ZEALAND PLANTS. 
In Europe, America, and elsewhere plants and grazing-animals 
assumed their present forms side by side. The marram-grass of 
Europe (Psamma arenaria) is a case in point. This, although 
naturally little better as a sand-binder than our Scirpus or Spinifea, 
is of infinitely more value for “ reclaiming ”’ our moving sands, since 
it is not relished as food, and grows rapidly and luxuriantly. With 
the marram may be used the lyme-grass (Elymus arenarius), another 
European sand-binder. 
Besides grasses, trees and shrubs are of great service for sand- 
fixing. Of the latter, the tree-lupin of California (Lupinus arboreus) 
is a splendid weapon in the hands of the dune-reclaimer if properly 
used: that is to say, this shrub is not a sand-binder, and will be 
worse than useless if planted where subject to sand-invasion, but 
it cannot be equalled when used so as to form a dense cover which 
will hinder the sand so covered from becoming the sport of the wind. 
Where the dunes are more stable, other special “ sand-plants ” 
are common. Of these, the sand-coprosma (Coprosma acerosa), with 
wiry, reddish-coloured, interlacing twigs, is found everywhere ; and 
so, too (with the exception of Southland and Stewart Island, where 
the pimelea is Pimelea Lyalliz), is the autetauranga (Pimelea arenaria), 
a low spreading shrub, with flexible interlacing branches, pretty 
silvery leaves, and white flowers. Certain species of Cassimia, which 
genus belongs to the daisy family, are very frequent features of this 
association, but they are different in various parts of New Zealand. 
In the Auckland Botanical Districts it is the tauhinu-korokio (Cas- 
sinia retorta); Taranaki, Hawke’s Bay, the shores of Cook Strait, 
and northern Marlborough and Nelson have the tauhinu, or cotton- 
wood (C. leptophylla); while farther south the golden cottonwood 
(C. fulvida) is the sole representative. The two first-named tauhinus 
are so like one another that even an expert may find it sometimes 
difficult to draw the line. C. fulvida, too, strongly resembles some 
forms of the tauhinu, but it is generally to be distinguished by its 
yellow appearance. 
Where the force of the wind is less felt, shrubland may make its 
appearance, and the manuka (Leptospermum scoparium in one or 
other of its varieties), the cabbage-tree (Cordyline australis), the 
toetoe (Arundo conspicua), the New Zealand flax (Phormium tenaz), 
and, from the shores of Cook Strait southwards, the wild-irishman 
(Discaria toumatou) occur in force. 
