76 NEW ZEALAND PLANTS. 
species have made use of the wind as their conveyance, those that 
have employed birds being very few. In some places where there 
was forest the plants were not altogether destroyed, and various 
species have regenerated from the bases of the burned trees. 
In the South Island the manuka thicket, so far as the shrubs 
go, frequently consists of pure Leptospermum scoparium. Sometimes 
other shrubs occur in varying quantities, of which the tumatakuru or 
wild-irishman (Discaria toumatou), the pungent mingimingi (Cyathodes 
acerosa), and the golden cottonwood (Cassinia fulvida) are frequent, 
while the mountain-cottonwood (C. Vawvilliersii) is not uncommon. 
The ground-plants vary according to the altitude, soil, and climate. 
On the Blutf Hill the thicket is richer in species than that just 
described ; and specially noteworthy are the large bushes of a very 
robust form of the pungent mingimingi (Cyathodes acerosa), some with 
abundance of white and others with pink drupes. 
Where the ground is very wet, as on those dreary wastes, the 
pakihis of the North-western Botanical District, the heath approxi- 
mates to bog, and would be so reckoned but for the small amount 
of peat on the surface. The plant-covering consists of various rush- 
like sedges (Cladium glomeratum, C. teretifolium, C. capillaceum) ; 
the bog umbrella-fern (Gleichenia dicarpa); a creeping club-moss 
(Lycopodium ramulosum), which in full sunshine produces abundance 
of spore-bearing stems, but in the shade these are wanting; the 
beautiful white bog-gentian (Gentiana Townsoni), which flowers late 
in the year ; the bog-epacris (Zpacris pauciflora) ; the slender-flowered 
eyebright (Siphonidium longiflorum)—a very rare plant, the only 
representative of this endemic genus; some orchids and sundews ; 
and, of course, abundance of manuka. 
In contradistinction to thicket is that type of shrubland where 
the divaricating growth-form and other stifi-stemmed or especially 
dense-growing shrubs frequently make a more or less impenetrable 
mass. Such an association can be designated by the expressive 
word “ scrub.” 
In Australian plant-geography the term “ scrub” has an unfortu- 
nate application. In eastern Australia there are two quite different 
tree-communities—the one consisting principally of Eucalypti, often 
growing some distance apart, which forms “savannah,” and the 
other a true rain-forest. For this latter the Australian vernacular 
is “scrub,” and this has been inadvisedly followed in Australian 
