206 NEW ZEALAND PLANTS. 
The Australian element of the New Zealand flora is not one 
distinct class, but consists of (1) a true Australian element, (2) a 
Malayan element, (3) a Fuegian element, (4) a New Zealand 
element. 
Most of the ferns common to New Zealand and Australia belong 
to the Australian-Malayan element, and quite likely have come to 
New Zealand from Malaya, and not by way of Australia at all. 
Thirty-five genera, or subdivisions of genera, are confined to 
Australia and New Zealand. Only a few are fairly large Australian 
genera—e.g., Caladenia, Persoonia, Swainsona, Phebalium, Epaeris, 
and Logania. Some consist of only one species common to both 
regions—e.g., Hchinopogon, Orthoceras, and Herpolirion. Others con- 
sist of one Australian and one New Zealand species—e.g., Amphibromus, 
Cyrtostylis, Adenochilus, Townsonia, Ackama, and Pernettya. No fewer 
than 7 of the genera belong to the orchid family. The following are 
New Zealand genera rather than Australian: Herpolirion, the section 
Milligania of the genus Gunnera (10 New Zealand, 1 Australia), 
Aciphylla (at least 25 New Zealand, 2 Australia), Forstera (3 New 
Zealand, 1 Australia), Celmisia (55 New Zealand, 1 which is perhaps 
common to both regions), Craspedia (6 New Zealand, of which 2 
may be common to both regions). 
Almost in the same class as the above are the following 8 genera 
found in Australia and New Zealand, together with Norfolk Island, 
Lord Howe Island, or New Caledonia—one or all of the three: 
Dichelachne, Pterostylis, Acianthus, Lyperanthus, Pennantia, Poma- 
derris, Hymenanthera, and Olearia. 
The Fuegian-Australian element is represented by 22 genera, or 
sections of genera, but few would claim that these genera reached 
New Zealand by way of Tasmania. 
Coming next to the species supposed to be identical in the two 
regions, no comprehensive critical comparisons have been made from 
both New Zealand and Australian material except in a few cases. 
In the majority of instances where the species supposedly identical 
have been examined they have been found amply distinct. 
The total number of species supposed to be common to New 
Zealand and Australia is 290, of which 78 are ferns or fern-allies ; 
97 grasses, sedges, rushes, orchids, water-plants, and a few other 
monocotyledons; and 115 trees, shrubs, herbs, and semi-woody 
plants—these two latter classes taken together being greatly in the 
