EUROPEAN ELEMENT. 211 
lands); the hinau and the pokaka (Hlaeocarpus dentatus and EB. 
Hookerianus) ; the mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus) (also found in Norfolk 
Island and part of Polynesia); the pohutukawa and various kinds 
of rata (Metrosideros tomentosa and the other species of the genus) ; 
‘ the maire-tawake (Hugenia mare); the tawapou (Sideroxylon novo- 
zealandicum) ; the hangehange (Geniostoma ligustrifolium) ; the New 
Zealand jasmines (Parsonsia heterophylla and P. capsularis); the 
puriri (Vitex lucens); the mangrove (Avicennia officinalis) (possibly 
the New Zealand species is distinct from A. officinalis, but the matter 
has not been investigated); the ngaio (Myoporum laetum). 
There is a small element in the New Zealand flora consisting 
either of species identical with European ones or of New Zealand 
species —endemic it may be—which differ but little from similar species 
in Europe. For instance, there are the following ferns: Hymeno- 
phyllum tunbridgense and Aspleniwm Trichomanes ; but both of these 
are of widespread distribution throughout most temperate regions. 
The occurrence of the moonwort (Botrychiwm lunaria) is of greater 
interest, since in the Southern Hemisphere it is only Australian, 
Fuegian, and New Zealand. In the latter region it has been recorded 
from only one spot— south-western slopes of Mount Torlesse, at 
2,700 feet, where it was found many years ago by J. D. Enys, but 
has not been rediscovered. Carex pyrenaica, a tiny sedge, occurs 
on many high mountains in Europe, east and west Asia, and 
subarctic and Pacific North America; it reappears in the Southern 
Hemisphere in the Australian Alps, and as a rock-plant on certain 
mountains of the South Island of New Zealand, but as the variety 
cephalotes. Another sedge, Carex paniculata, is common in many parts 
of Europe, Asia Minor, and the Canary Islands. It is represented in 
New Zealand by a series of species, the niggerhead (Carex secta, 
C. virgata and C. appressa), which approach it so closely that Bentham 
and others, including Cheeseman at one time, considered that they 
were varieties of that species. Then, similarly, Carex stellulata is 
widely distributed in the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, 
but in the Southern Hemisphere it is known only from Australia and 
New Zealand, where it appears as a distinct variety named australis. 
Carex lagopina is another example, and a remarkable case, as in 
the Southern Hemisphere it occurs only on certain mountains of 
the South Island of New Zealand. Again, Carex subdola, C. ternaria, 
and CO. Gaudichaudiana are very closely allied indeed to the northern 
