ICHTHYOLOGY. 



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Genus III. Crenilabrus, Cuv. Upper jaw not protractile ; prc- 



operculum deepli/ toothed ; lips thickly fleshy j teeth conical, uni- 



serial, without the granular band of Cossi/phus, and also without the 



scaly sheathing of the fins. The continuous lateral line and cycloid 



^ scales distinguish them from Chromis and Ciclila. Thirty-si.x species. 



Genus IV. Ctenolabrus, Cuv. and Valenc. A band of villi- 

 form teeth behind the outer row of conical teeth on the jaws. 

 Other characters those of Crenilabrus, such as the finely denticu- 

 lated preoperculum, three anal spines, &c. Ten species. 



Genus V. Acantholabrus, Cuv. and Valenc. Dentition of 

 Cunotahrtis, but with numerous anal spines, representing the Fer- 

 coid Centrarchus. Six species. 



Genus VI. Coricus, Cuv. Conical jaw teeth in one row, as in 

 Crenilabrus ,• jaws greatly protractile, like those of the Mcnida:. 

 Premaxillaries with long pedicels, and limbs which are thrust out 

 when the mandible is depressed. Preoperculum rounded at the 

 corner, denticulated on the ascending border, but having a smooth 

 lower one. Pharyngeal teeth small, round grains crowded to- 

 gether. Short intestine ; stomach siphonal, without dilatation ; 

 no pancreatic caeca. Distinguished from Epibulus by its continuous 

 lateral line ; representing the Menoid Smarts and Gerres. Four 

 species. 



Genus VII. Clepticcs, Cuv. Protractile mouth, withdrawing 

 beneath the vault of the preorbitars ; denticulated preoperculum ; 

 continuous lateral line. Teeth in one row, few, and very small ; 

 pharyngeal teeth lamellated, the plates serrated. Vertical fins 

 covered in great part by scales like those of the body. One species. 



Genus VIII. Lachnolaimds, Cuv. Resembles Labrus in the 

 lips ; in general form ; in the membrane which descends from the 

 preorbitars ; in the scaly cheeks, and in the filamentous tips of the 

 dorsal spines; but the tips of the anterior dorsal spines are flexible. 

 Lateral line continuous. Antex'ior teeth strong, curved, and standing 

 forwards, followed by a series of small teeth of even height. The 

 pharyngeals, instead of being wholly covered with pavement-like 

 teeth, as in Labrus, are only partially so, the rest of the bone being 

 clothed with velvety membrane. No pancreatic caeca. Six species. 



Genus IX. Tautoga, Mit. Labroids distinguished by a double 

 row of strong conical teeth on both jaws, and the extent of thick, 

 scaleless integument on the face, which reaches to the operculum, 

 suboperculum, and interoperculum, and even on the preoperculum 

 the scales are few. Branchiostegals five. Lateral line continuous. 

 Wine species. 



Genus X. Malacanthus, Cuv. Resembling Corypha-na in the 

 length of the dorsal and anal, and in the rays of these fins being 

 nearly as flexible, but allied to Lachnolaimits by scaly cheeks, and 

 a continued lateral line. The proper generic character is the long 

 dorsal, with only three or four simple rays in front, the others 

 being branched. Body slightly compressed, long. Scales small. Anal 

 nearly as long as the dorsal. Mouth tolerably large; lips fleshy ; a 

 row of teeth on the jaws ; large, and curved in front, much smaller 

 towards the angles of the mouth. Palate and tongue smooth; 

 upper pharyngeal teeth card-like; under pharyngeal teeth in some 

 species wholly card-like, in others partly so, partly pavement-like. 

 A pretty strong spine at the angle of the operculum. Stomach siph- 

 onal ; no pancreatic caeca. Two species. 



Genus XI. Cheilio, Comm. Premaxillaries widening inte- 

 riorly into a granular osseous plate peculiar to this genus among 

 the Labroids. Exterior row of teeth trianeiular, compressed, and 

 trenchant, like those of some Sphyrcenai ov Cybiums; the symphysial 

 pair hooked, and longer than the others, which are of equal height 

 among themselves, and in the interspaces between all these teeth 

 there are small conical ones. The lateral line is continuous ; and 

 there are a few scattered scales on the cheeks. Fin rays flexible. 

 Eight species. 



Genus XII. Malapterus, Valenc. Combines many of the 

 characters of Malacanthus and Cheilio, having the flexible rays of 

 Cheilio, teeth of Labrus, scaly operculum of Malacanthus, but not 

 the opercular spine. One species. 



Genus XIII. Julis, Cuv. Lateral line continuous; stiflf and 

 pointed spines in the dorsal. Head entirely naked, that is to say 

 the suborbitar chain, preoperculum, and other bones of the gill- 

 cover, the under surface of the head, and the jaws, are destitute of 

 scales. Teeth conical in the outer row, longer and stronger the 

 nearer the symphyses ; within there are some granular teeth, largest 

 in the old fish, being indications of teeth incorporated with the 

 bone, as in Cheilio, and more fully shown in Scants. Some species 

 have a canine at the corner of the mouth pointing forwards, form- 

 ing the genus Halichorus of Ruppell. Pharyngeal teeth as in 

 Labrus. One hundred species. 



Genus XIV. Anampses, Cuv. Two teeth on the upper jaw, 

 one on each side of the symphysis, turning from each other, flattened 

 longitudinally; chisel-shaped at the crown and trenchant; the 

 mandibular pair more conical, yet a little flattened at the point ; 

 pharyngeals of ia6nts for bruising. Branchiostegals six. General 



form that of one of the higher bodied Jules. Ilead naked. Lateral Classlfica- 

 line continuous. Six species. jj^^ Pha- 



Genus XV. GOMPHOSUS, Lacep. (Helops, Comm.) Body oblong, ryngo- 

 compressed. Scales large. Head quite naked ; eye small ; nostrils gnaths. 

 near the orbit ; muzzle slender, elongated, cylindrical ; orifice of v 

 the mouth formed by the premaxillaries and mandible. Unise- 

 rial teeth on the jaws, the anterior ones longer ; pharyngeal teeth 

 pavement-like, as in Labrus. Gill-covers approaching one another 

 under the throat ; gill-openings narrow. Branchiostegal membrane 

 adherent to the isthmus ; branchiostegals six. Dorsal and anal but 

 slightly elevated, and of uniform height. Lateral line branching 

 and deflexed near the caudal. Stomach and cesophagus straight; 

 no pancreatic ca;ca ; a long, narrow air-bladder. Three species. 



Genus XVI. Xyrichtiiys, Valenc. Form that of a Labrus, 

 except that the profile of the face is almost vertical, with the eye 

 high up; this is owing to the growth of the snout directly down- 

 wards, while the mandible of ordinary length is horizontal. The 

 resulting aspect is peculiar. JIany characters common to it and 

 Labrus OT Julis. Head naked, and, from compression, trenchant in 

 the face, which is sustained by the nasal bone. Dorsal long and of 

 uniform height. Teeth in one row, longest near the symphysis ; 

 pharyngeal teeth small, pavement-like ; palate and tongue smooth. 

 Lateral line interrupted generally as in Scarus, but the tubes on 

 each scale simple. A species of double lip is formed by the edge 

 of the preorbitar, which descends to the corner of the mouth. 

 Intestinal tube simple, without any stomachal dilatation, and with- 

 out pancreatic ca-ca; air-bladder large, pointed anteriorly, rounded 

 behind. Fourteen species. Two species have the three front rays 

 detached as a separate fin, and form the only instance, except 

 Nuvacula, of a Labroid with two dorsals. 



Genus XVII. Novacula, Valenc. Preoperculum scaly under 

 the eye, with the mandible more ascending in other respects, like 

 Xyrichthys. Genei-ally the first two dorsal rays are somewhat de- 

 tached from the others, and connected to them by basal membrane 

 only. Six species. 



Genus XVIIL Cheilinus, Cuv. Lateral line interrupted under 

 the end of the dorsal. Lips thick ; large, uniserial, conical teeth 

 on the jaws. Large scales on the cheek ; scales of the body broad 

 and thin, advancing on the base of the caudal, but leaving the 

 dorsal and anal naked as in Labrus. Splanchnology also as in that 

 genus, but the bones are green in some, if not in all the species, 

 like those of Belone. Twenty-four species. 



Genus XI.X. Ch.erops, RUpp. Both jaws armed with similar 

 tapering stripes of teeth, succeeded posteriorly by small tufts of 

 teeth ; four stout conical canines in front of each jaw. Thick lips. 

 Scales of the operculum and preoperculum of moderate size; on 

 the body the scales are larger. Lateral line interrupted. Spines 

 of the dorsal and anal strong and pointed. Java. 



Genus XX. Cirrhilabuus, Schleg. A toothed preoperculum ; 

 an interrupted lateral line. Scaly gill-cover. Ventrals prolonged 

 into filaments. Branchiostegals five. 



Genus XXI. Epibulus, Cuv. Protractile mouth, the mechanism 

 of which differs from that of Coricus. The nasal pedicels of the 

 premaxillaries play in grooves of the skull, and reach back to the 

 occiput, while the descending branch is attached by a long ligament 

 to the lower end of the maxillary bone, and, consequently, when the 

 mouth opens, draws forward that end of the maxillary together with 

 mandible, which is also connected to the same end of the maxillary. 

 The hypotympanic and mesotympanic unite to form a lever, and 

 assist in this movement. The scales are very large, and cover the 

 cheeks, but are there embedded in the skin, and the face is naked. 

 The large jaws, with the projection of the hypotympanic and angular 

 portion of the mandible, give a peculiar aspect to the fish which 

 otherwise resembles a Glyphisodon. Branchiostegals five. Lateral 

 line interrupted. One species. 



Genus XXII. Scarus, Forsk. Labroids of oblong and rather 

 massive forms, lateral line interrupted under the end of the dorsal, 

 and recommencing lower down. Large scales extending to the gill- 

 covers and cheeks. Jaws resemblingthose of Tetraodon, each divided 

 into halves by a median suture. The teeth are incorporated' with 

 the bone, and shine through the glazed surface in crowded quin- 

 cuncial order ; the oldest form the trenchant border of the jaw, and 

 as they are worn away they are succeeded by the lower ranks, new 

 pulps developing at the base of the jaw to keep up the succession. 

 In some species the quincuncial surface is even and polished, in 

 others it is granular from the prominence of the crowns of the teeth, 

 and in some a few pointed canines protrude from the angle of the 

 upper jaw, or from other parts of it. Pharyngeal teeth trenchant 

 and standing up like verticle tiles, producing in the using, narrow, 

 projecting ellipses of dentine surrounded by enamel ; the base of 

 each tooth is osteodentine, and it is bound to the others by cement. 

 Each of the superior pharyngeals carries two or three longitudinal 

 ranges, the number varying with the species; the single under 

 pharyngeal is fixed by a thin vertical plate in the angle formed by 



