THE HEAD OF THE BEE AND ITS APPENDAGES. 45 



The derivation of anatomical names counts for nothing in their 

 application — this must be determined by scientific usage and priority. 

 Thus, glossa is the Greek word for " tongue," but it was first applied 

 in entomology to the median lobes of the labium ; Jingua is its equiva- 

 lent in Latin and was first given to the true tongue or hypopharynx 

 in insects; ligula is a diminutive derivative from "lingua" and has 

 come to be applied collectively to the terminal parts of the labium 

 beyond the mentum but not including the palpi. Hence, all these 

 words mean the same thing by their origins, but their anatomical 

 applications should be carefully distinguished. In this paper there- 

 fore the slender median appendage (6-76) of the labium will be 

 called the glossa, or, for convenience, the tongue, but with the strict 

 understanding that the organ in question is not the true tongue. 

 This latter should be called the "* hypopharynx," but, as will be shown 

 later, it is absent in the bee. 



The glossa of the bee (figs. B; 11 A and B, and 15 D, F, and G, 

 (ris) is covered with long hairs which increase in length toward the 

 end. The tip is formed of a small spoon-shaped lobe, the laheUum or 

 houton {LhJ), which is covered by short delicate processes branched 

 at their ends (fig. 15 A and B, LhJ). The long hairs of the glossa 

 are arranged in circles and the transverse rows of hair bases give 

 the tongue a multiarticulate appearance. Surrounding the dorsal 

 side of the base of the labella and forming two short subterminal 

 rows on the ventral side of the glossa are a number of stiff, out- 

 wardly curved, spinelike hairs (Hr). These hairs have been de- 

 scribed as taste organs, but their appearance would suggest that they 

 are simply protective spines guarding the delicate tip of the tongue. 

 Between the two ventral rows of these spines is the termination of 

 a groove (A, k) which extends along the midline of the under sur- 

 face of the glossa (D, k) to its base (fig. 9 B, k). The cleft of this 

 groove is covered by two fringes of converging hairs whose tips are 

 inclined also toward the tip of the tongue. 



Let us noAv return to a study of figure 15 D. The series of lateral 

 pieces as already explained are the maxilla\ A comparison Avith 

 figure 3 B representing a generalized maxilla will show that these 

 organs in the bee have suffered a greater modification than has the 

 labium, but the parts can yet be quite easily made out. The main 

 basal plate {Sf) is the combined stipes, suhgeiJea, and palpifer, the 

 basal stalk is the cardo (Cd), and the little peglike process {MxPlp) 

 at the outer end of the stipes is the greatly reduced maxUlary palpus. 

 Hence, we have left only the terminal bladelikc lobe {Mx) to account 

 for, and it is evident that it must be either the galea or the lacinia 

 (see fig. 3 B, Ga and Lc) or these two lobes combined. Here again 

 a comparative knowledge of the mouth parts of Hymenoptera comes 



