THE GENOTYPES OF SAWFLIES AND WOODWASPS. 71 



a type," the "typical species" of Westwood are not given as the 

 types of genera except in those cases where no type has been given 

 and the species given by Westwood can be the genotype according 

 to the rules. In the following list, however, the words "Westwood 

 1840" are placed after the genotypes of certain genera, for the 

 convenience of the student, should any ruling be given on these 

 "typical species." 



With the exception of a few types designated by Brulle'^ and 

 Shipp, ^ few genotypes were named except in the works of the two 

 American writers Ashmead and MacGillivray. 



It was hoped to verify every reference given, but in some few 

 cases this was not possible. In such cases the reference is that 

 given by Dalla Torre. The original descriptions of the following 

 genera have not been seen: Xiyhiura Fallen, Hyhonotus Klug, 

 Nycteridium Fischer- Waldheim, PowpJiolyx Freymuth. 



RULES OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE FOR THE DESIGNATION 

 OF TYPE SPECIES OF GENERA. 



The ruling of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- 

 clature'' is reprinted here for ready reference. Some of the recom- 

 mendations which do not deal with any cases found in Tenthredinoidea 

 and which are not of general importance have been omitted. 



Art. 30. The designation of type species of genera shall be governed by the following 

 rules (a-g), applied in the following order of precedence: 



I. Cases in which the generic type is accepted solely upon the basis of the original 

 publication. 



(a) When in the original publication of a genus, one of the species is definitely desig- 

 nated as type, this species shall be accepted as type regardless of any other considera- 

 tions. (Type by original designation.) 



(6) If, in the original publication of a genus, typicits or typus is used as a new specific 

 name for one of the species, such use shall be construed as "type by original 

 designation . ' ' 



(c) A genus proposed with a single original species takes that species as its type. 

 (Monotypical genera.) 



(d) If a genus, without originally designated (see a) or indicated (see b) type, con- 

 tains among its original species one possessing the generic name as its specific or sub- 

 specific name, either as valid name or synonym, that species or subspecies becomes 

 ipso facto type of the genus. (Type by absolute tautonomy.) 



II. Cases in which the generic type is not accepted solely upon basis of the original 

 publication : 



(e) The following species are excluded from consideration in selecting the types of 

 genera: 



(a) Species which were not included under the generic name at the time of its 

 original publication. 



a Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hym6nopteres, vol. 4, Paris, November, 1846. 

 b Entomologist, vol. 27, pp. 339-340, 1894. 



« See Science, n. s. vol. 26, no. 668, pp. 521-522, October 18, 1907. 

 67595°— No. 20, pt 2—11 2 



