42 



of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides. They were so frequently met 

 with there, in the case of EmmeJesia albiikifa, that I proposed for 

 them the subspecific name of Hehudhim. Partial albinism occurs 

 not infrequently in Satyrns janira, the color being absent from 

 one or more of the wings, producing white patches. 



Xanthism. — In this class I place all those aberrations of 

 color which assume a palhd appearance over the whole extent of 

 the wings. I illustrate this condition by three remarkably Ught 

 yellow varieties of Cmnonijmi-iha pamphilus, one of Satyrus semele, 

 one of Canonympha davus, and one of Folyommahis jjhlceas, and 

 on the under side of Satyrus hyperanfhus. Xanthism is also 

 found occasionally in the genus Anthrocera especially in A 

 fiUpenduIm, the spots on the wings being sometimes yellow instead 

 of red. Many more instances of Xanthism might be given. The 

 most remarkable case I ever saw was that of Pyrameis cardui, 

 where the two wings on one side were normal, on the other xanthic. 



Melanism. — Pure melanism is rare amongst lepidoptera, and 

 I think it is found only in those species where black obtains in 

 the markings, and it really consists in the diffusion of the black 

 over the whole of the wings. I illustrate this condition by 

 melanic specimens of Biston betidaria. This, commonly called 

 the peppered moth, has usually a white ground color to the wings 

 with small black spots ; but it has been found in the North 

 of England entirely black, and I believe this melanic vai'iety has 

 been perpetuated in confinement by careful selection. I have 

 seen almost melanic varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, and 

 partial melanism is common in that species. Several of the 

 Geometridae and Noctuidte are found more or less melanic in the 

 northern parts of England and in Scotland. Diantlmcia conspersa 

 is a good illustration of this darkening of color in northern spe- 

 cimens, many, more or less suflFased with black, have been 

 captured. 



Heteropoecilism. — In this class I place mere sports, which may 

 occm- once or twice and perhaps never be found again. I illus- 

 trate this by two specimens of Satyrus hyj^era/ithus from the Xew 

 Forest — one captured by myself. In these two insects the 

 ordinary round spots on the underside of the wings are changed 

 into lanceolate markings. I have also two specimens of 

 Comonympha davus, with similar lanceolate instead of round 



