43 



markings both on the upper and underside of the wings. The 

 aberration in the case of S. hyperanthus would probably be a 

 disadvantage to the insect, as the usual round spots on the under- 

 side of the wings resemble very closely the oak spangles, so that 

 the imago, when at rest with closed wings, would more easily 

 escape being detected by birds. 



Gynandrochromism.— In this class I place those aberrations 

 in which the two sexes being generally of different colors, the 

 female is more or less of the color of the male. 



Odonestts Rotatoria is usually of a buff color in the female 

 and dark brown in the male. I have a specimen in which the 

 female is precisely of the color of the male. This was taken in 

 the Xew Forest, and I have seen many others. 



In the genus Lycaena the males of several species are blue, 

 and the females brown or blackish. In specimens of the female 

 of Lymna icarus, of which I have a score or more in my cabinet, 

 the females have the wings more or less of the blue color usual 

 in the male. This occurs also occasionally in L. Adonis and L. 

 C&rydon. This assumption by the female of the color of the 

 male is found in several species of Lepidoptera. 



Hermaphroditism.— I have found this a very ]-are condition 

 of lepidoptera, and have never taken one myself. ^Vhen it 

 does occur, the wings and antennae on one side are often 

 colored and formed exactly as in the male, and on the other 

 side as in the female. It has been found in Lymiiu icarus, in 

 which case the peculiarity is very marked, as the wings on one 

 side are blue and on the other brown. The insect indeed appears 

 equally divided down the middle of the head, thorax, and body 

 into the Uo sexes. Hermaphroditism occurs also in varying 

 proportions. I have observed it in Satyrus semele, and in some 

 moths. It is found more frequently amongst hybrids, and has 

 been observed in those between Smerinthus jwpiili and S. ocelMus. 

 Occasionally the wings of hermaphrodites appear as if quartered, 

 the upper right wing and the lower left being of one sex and the 

 left upper and lower right vice versa. 



I now pass on to the Orthopcccilic sections. 

 Polymorphism.— The most remarkable species amongst the 

 British Geometridae Ulustrating this condition are the two aUied 



