89 



determined by the amount of the slope. In the chalk 

 it is common to find blocks of flint raised on end, and I 

 have seen instances in which the blocks having been 

 pushed against each other were arranged perpendicularly, 

 the flat surfaces separated by intervals very much less 

 than would have been the case had they been merely 

 turned oh end. The folds are complete and mul- 

 tiplicate where vertical, less easy to trace where 

 horizontal, and unrecognizable as folds Avhen the inclina- 

 tion is great, they are so long drawn out in the latter case 

 as to appear on casual inspection to be water laid, thus it 

 was I believe that Mr. Trimmer and others were led to 

 suggest the " Cataclysmal dip " beneath the ocean. The 

 contortions of the Underplight here are the result of steady 

 movement, a flow or push in certain directions in ac- 

 cordance with the slopes on the surface of the land, the 

 amount of slope determining the direction being often very 

 slight. The areas within which the latest flows operated 

 being generally small, they can in most places be defined 

 by the observations of the directions of the folds. The 

 trail and wash above the underplight contain no sea shells 

 or marine organisms, but consist of the debris of a land 

 surface. The underplight is not due to floating or shore 

 ice ; the presence of the latter may have caused some of 

 the disturbances in the deeper gravels of another age, but 

 the arrangement of these is totally different from the U.P. 

 and the bottom layers shew none of the regular characters 

 of the latter. The layers of Warp and Trail and U.P. 

 being of terrestrial origin and repeated, are not of " one 

 period" only, and consequently the phrases "The Warp" 

 and " The Trail " are inexact. Inasmuch also as they are 

 found from more than Sooft. at Crowborough Beacon, the 

 Chalk downs over Oxted, &c., to nearly zero of O.D. I 

 cannot reconcile their presence with one or many 

 cataclysmal dips beneath the sea. 



The masses of dirty snow when melted, covered the 

 flat lands with a deep layer of sludge and confused gravel. 



