380 MARTIN P. NILSSON 

Lyons, about 200 A. D.; it was permitted to use Celtic in writing wills. 
The language survived at least into the fifth century. The Gauls 
had to learn Latin with toil and labour. 
In France too the Celts were conquering immigrants, who had 
settled more especially north of the central mountainous region. In 
the south-eastern parts lived the Ligurians, in the south-western the 
Iberians. This is another non-Aryan people whose riddle is unsolved, 
but it seems as though the Iberians were the original inhabitants of 
these parts of France and Spain. Small Celtic hosts had penetrated 
into Spain, mixed up with the Iberians, and formed the Celtiberian 
tribes. In north-western Spain there still survives the Basque 
language, the only remnant of the pre-Aryan languages of Europe. 
Its grammatical structure and vocabulary differ totally from those 
of other languages. It is tempting to connect it with the Iberian 
language, but the Iberian inscriptions, although not interpreted, do not 
seem to corroborate this supposition. Hence some students have re- 
ferred the Basques to the Ligurians, who perhaps also inhabited parts 
of Spain, others have tried to connect Basque with the Berber langu- 
age, but the Ligurians are, as to the language, an unknown quantity 
and the connexion with the Berbers is not warranted by evident facts. 
In the British Isles the Celts are immigrants. Consequently we 
may expect to find here considerable remnants of the older aboriginal 
inhabitants. Such were e. g. the wild Picts of Scotland, whom the 
Romans never subjugated. There is a great difference between the two 
peoples that still speak Celtic languages — the Irish, who often have 
fair complexions, and the usually small and swarthy Welsh. The 
supposition at once arises that the Welsh are Celts in language only, 
and not in race. This theory has been advanced by English scholars, 
who have tried to find further connexions, e. g. with the Iberians and 
the native races of North Africa, but without any very certain evi- 
", The theory is of course opposed to the common idea that 
dence 
the Celts were a swarthy people of small stature, but this is an inference- 
from the modern Frenchman, who is held to be the real descendant of 
the ancient Celts. It conflicts with all testimonies of ancient literature 
and art. If we desire to know the physical type of the ancient Celts 
we must needs follow these indications, and they show unanimously 
that the Celtic type was much more akin to the Teutonic — blue 
eyes, fair complexion and hair, high stature, and a ferocious mind. If 
facts are to speak it must be admitted that the Celtic type in France 
generally was merged in the original inhabitants, and this is only 
