THE RACE PROBLEM OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 381 

natural. It is the usual fate of an invading, conquering people, even 
if they are able to impose their language on the conquered. 
Celtic tribes had also penetrated into Pannonia and the Balkan 
peninsula, but were too few to acquire very much importance. The 
inhabitants of Pannonia seem to have been chiefly Illyrians. In 
Dacia and the eastern Balkan peninsula lived the Getans or Dacians, 
who belonged to the Aryan race, although they never had any con- 
siderable historical importance. Our information here is more than 
usually scanty and does not admit of any suppositions as to the older 
inhabitants who may have lived in these countries. 
The remaining province of the western part, Africa, is better 
known. The Punic language survived during the imperial age. Most 
of the hearers of St. AUGUSTINE understood Punic: it was spoken by 
the peasants. The church had its difficulties with their language; no 
one was readily made a bishop who did not know Punic. In the in- 
terior lived the Berber tribes, who still retain their peculiar language 
and racial type. 
In the East the position is simple and clear, except in the case 
of Asia Minor. In Egypt and the Semitic Orient the Greek culture and 
language had never been more than a thin varnish that was soon 
worn off. The ethnology of Asia Minor was extremely mixed. No 
land had been exposed to invaders to such a degree as this". The 
Empire of the Hittites had been crushed in the twelfth century B. C. 
by invading Aryan tribes, the Phrygians, but the race survived. It is 
supposed that it was merged into the Armenians and perhaps partly 
into the Jews. Lydians, Carians, and Lycians have left inscriptions. 
An attempt has been made to connect the language of the last-named 
with the Aryan languages, but with doubtful success. The Lydian 
language seems to be distinct from others”. Later on other Aryan 
tribes had invaded the land, Thracians in the commencement of the 
first millennium B. C., and Celts in the middle of the third century 
B. C. The interior of the country was called Galatia after them. 
The Hellenising was wide-spread, but in spite of this the old langu- 
ages survived more vigorously than is generally surmised, and this 
is also an evidence for the subsisting of the old races. The Mysians, 
who seem to have been a mixture of Thracians and Lydians, still 
spoke. their own language in the beginning of the fifth century 
A. D. So also did the famous Isaurian robber tribes at the end of 
the sixth. The same was the case in Lycaonia; the Phrygian language 
survived at least into the fifth century ”. The surface seems to be 
