114 LAPSANA. TRAGOPOGON. 



dance in the Crawboot-loch whins on the Hirsel estate near Ayton- 

 hall, Miss E. Bell and A. Hunter. — N. At the foot of Cheviot, 

 N. Winch. lieathpool Bell, Dr. F. Douglas. — Aug. — The leaves 

 of this fine species exhale a strong musky smell. J. Hardy. 



The species of Carduus and Cnicus are called CijrisitlfiS by our 

 peasantry, who know well that one differeth from another, but it has 

 seemed to them superfluous to give distinctive names to a tribe that 

 lie under one ban. In the progress of agriculture, their numbers 

 have been greatly reduced, so that now we can scarcely form an idea 

 of their former abundance. They were, a century since and back---- 

 wards, used commonly as fodder for cattle ; and, to this day. Thistles 

 — were there any — would be exempt from paying custom at St Bos- 

 well's fair. The vicar of Norham once found it worth his while to 

 take tithe of his parishioners' thistles. There is a " Thistley-hill " 

 in Holy-Island ; and I can remember when every farm had its 

 thistley braes or knowes. To reap these, when cropped with corn, 

 it was necessary to guard the left hand of the shearers with a leather 

 glove. In 1344-5 there is this entry amongst the expenses of 

 the Priory of Holy-Island: — "Gloves for 14 servants, when they 

 gathered the tythe corn, 2*. Sd." Raine's N. Durham, p. 87. — 

 The manufacture of these gloves continued down to within these few 

 years ; but it is now trivial or gone into disuse. ^ 



334. Lapsana communis. Waste grounds and corn-fields, an 

 annual and nameless weed of no account. July, Aug. 



335. Hypochceris RADiCATA. Pastures and wastc grounds. July. 



336. Apargia htspida = Leontodon hispidum. Meadows and 

 pastures, common. July. 



337. A. AUTUMN ALis = Oporina autumnalis. Meadows and 

 pastures, very common. On our links and elevated muirs there very 

 often occurs a small variety with a stalk bearing from one to three 

 flowers. This is the " Small jagged Hawkbit " of Petiver's Eng. PI. 

 tab. 12. fig. 3. 



338. Tragopogon minor. Bab. Man. 187.= Tr. major, Berw. 

 Fl. ii. 286. =Tr. pratensis /3, Arnott Brit. Fl. 201.— Sides of roads 

 and of corn-fields, distributed over the district. It grows in more 

 abundance than elsewhere in the plantation that borders the aAcnue 

 to the mansion house of Low-linn. June, July. — "The credit," 

 says Mr. Babington, " of determining this plant belongs to Mr. 

 Leighton." Manual, edit. 1st, p. 177. To render it just, this asser- 

 tion m\ist be received in a very limited sense. Mr. Woodward was, 

 perhaps, the first native botanist to call particular attention to the 

 species or variety. He had remarked that, in specimens gathered iu 

 Huntingdonshire, the calyx is always exactly equal with the blossom, 

 while, in Norfolk, the calyx invariably exceeded it ; and, as the stems 



28. Cichorium intybus. Wild Succory. In the course of every season 

 a few straggling suecimens are found, in our district, in corn-fields; but the 

 plant has uo certain habitat. 



