KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, 
EXOGENS. 
Stem with distinct wood, pith, and baric. 
Leaves net-veined. 
Embryo with 2 or more cotyledons. 
Parts of the flower generally 2, 4, or 5, or their multiples—rarely 
3 or its multiples. 
Petals distinct. Stamens hypogynous. 
* Stamens 12, or more. 
1. Ranuncurace.e. Ovary of 1 or more distinct carpels. 
3. Nymph.eace.e. Aquatic plants. Petals passing into stamens towards the 
centre. Ovary many-celled. 
4. Papaveracea:. Herbs. Ovary of 2 or more carpels, 1-celled, with parietal 
placentas. Sepals falling when the flower opens. 
8. Cistaceas. Small shrubs. Ovary of several carpels, 1-celled. Sepals per¬ 
manent. 
17. Hypericace.e. Herbs or shrubs. Ovary many-celled. Leaves opposite, dotted. 
Stamens united into several groups. 
15. MalvacE/E. Herbs or shrubs. Ovary many-celled. Stamens united into a 
column. 
16. Tiliace.®. Trees. Ovary many-celled, 1 -celled when in fruit. Stamens distinct. 
7. Resedace.e. Herbs. Ovary 1-celled, opening at the top. Flowers irregular. 
** Stamens under 12, filaments distinct, 
t Flowers regular. 
6. Crucifer.®. Herbs. Petals 4. Stamens 4 long and 2 short. 
10. Droserace.e. Herbs with entire radical leaves covered with glandular hairs. 
2. Berberidace.e. Herbs or shrubs. Stamens all opposite the petals. Ovary 
1-celled. Anthers opening by recurved valves. 
13. Caryophyllace.e. Herbs with jointed stems and opposite leaves. Placenta 
free and central. ■ 
12. Frankeniace.e. Herbs. Stamens alternate with the petals. Sepals united. 
Placentas parietal. 
18. Acerace.®. Trees. Fruit 2-winged. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled. 
22. Stapiiyleace^e. A shrub. Fruit bladder-like. 
19. Geraniace.e. Carpels 5, surrounding a long beak. 
tt Flowers irregular. 
9. Violace.e. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled, opening by 3 valves. 
20. Balsaminace.e. Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled. 
*** Stamens under 12, filaments more or less connected at the base, 
t Flowers regular. 
14. Linace.e. Stamens 4 or 5. Carpels 1- or 2-seeded, without a beak. 
19. Geraniace.e. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, surrounding a long beak. Style 1. 
21. Oxalidace.e. Stamens 10. Styles 5. 
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