COMPOSITE. 17 



decurrent. Anthodes solitary, or aggregated when the stem is 

 short, without floral leaves. Pericline ovate-ovoid, glabrous ; 

 outer phyllaries broadly lanceolate, ciliated at the margins, 

 nerved towards the point, terminating in a stiff mucro, inner 

 ones longer and sub-scarious. Pappus plumose. 



In pastures, especially chalk downs. E/ather common in the 

 Southern half of England, particularly on the East side. 



England. Perennial. Late Summer and Autumn. 



Rootstock woody. Stem in the ordinary form so short that the 

 flowers appear to be sessile in the centre of the rosette of leaves, 

 but sometimes it attains the length of 1 foot or 18 inches, and then 

 is usually slightly branched. Leaves resembling those of C. tuber- 

 osus, but much more spinous and rigid. Pericline f inch across by 

 1 inch long, contracted towards the apex. Elowers dark-crimson ; 

 florets much longer than the phyllaries ; tube rather longer than 

 the limb. Achenes smooth. Pappus very long, silky, plumose, 

 dirty- white. Plant sub-glabrous ; leaves with only a few hairs on 

 the upper side and on the veins beneath, dark shining-green. 



In C. palustris, C. tuberosus, C. pratensis, C, heterophyllus, and 

 C. acaulis, besides the perfect-flowered individuals, there are others 

 in which the anthers are abortive. 



Dwarf Thistle. 



French, Cirse Nain. German, Stengellose Ehervmrz. 



This Thistle is very injurious in pastures ; it kills all plants that grow beneath 

 it, and ought not to be tolerated even on the borders of fields or waste places. 



SPECIES XI.— C ARDUUS ARVENSIS. Curt. 



Plates DCXCIII. DCXCIV. 



Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Yol. XV. Tab. DCCCXLII. 



Billot, Fl. Gall, et Germ. Exsicc. No. 3125. 



Cirsium arvense, Scop. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 457. Gr. & Godr. 



Fl. de Fr. Vol. II. p. 226. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 5. 

 Cnicus arvensis, Hoffni. Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 237. 

 Serratula arvensis, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1149. 



Perennial. Rootstock extensively creeping. Stem erect, 

 branched, not winged. Leaves pinnatifid, sinuated or nearly 

 entire, spinous, sub-glabrous above, cottony or glabrous beneath. 

 Anthodes stalked, sub-corymbose or paniculate. Pericline of the 

 male plants sub-globular ; of the sub-female, ovate-ovoid, very 

 slightly arachnoid ; outer phyllaries adpressed, ovate, slightly 



VOL. V. D 



