COMPOSURE. 21 



hybrids between C. arvensis and C. lanceolatus, and C. lanceolatus 

 and C. acaulis. 



Tribe II.— CAULINE^. 



Plorets all tubular and perfect, each one not surrounded by an 

 involucel. Anthers with filiform appendages at the base. Pappus 

 of hairs not united into a complete ring at the base, but cohering 

 in bundles or quite free, sub-persistent. 



GENUS IV.— O A R L I N A. Lin7i. 



Pericline of numerous imbricated phyllaries, the exterior ones 

 foliaceous and spinous-dentate, the inner ones entire, elongated, 

 scarious, coloured, generally spreading when dry, and forming a 

 false ray. Plorets all equal, perfect. Eilaments free and gla- 

 brous; anthers with 2 filiform plumose appendages at the base, 

 acuminated at the summit. Achenes oblong-cylindrical, clothed 

 with minute adpressed bifurcate hairs ; epigynous disk surrounded 

 by the hairs which cover the achene. Pappus caducous, consisting 

 of plumose hairs, thickened at the base, arranged in several rows 

 united in threes or fours, but not forming a ring. Clinanth 

 clothed with tubular scales at the apex, deeply lacinate. 



Spinous herbs of various habit. Heads of flowers often showy, 

 from the coloured inner phyllaries which spread in dry weather, 

 but becoming erect when moistened. 



SPECIES I.— C ARLINA VULGARIS. Linn. 



Plate DCXCVIIL 



Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. XV. Tab. DCCXLII. 

 Billot, Fl. Gall, et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1508. 



Biennial. Stem elongated, corymbosely branched or simple. 

 Lowest leaves oblanceolate, narrowed towards the base, spinous- 

 dentate ; those on the middle and upper part of the stem semi- 

 amplexicaul, pinnatifid, with the segments spinous-dentate, arach- 

 noid-floccose, especially beneath and when young ; floral leaves 

 shorter than or not exceeding the phyllaries, spinous. Outer 

 phyllaries herbaceous, spinous-pointed with a row of divaricate 

 branched spines on each side ; inner phyllaries strapshapcd, scarious, 

 elastic, longer than the florets, yellow. 



On dry banks and pastures. Rather scarce, except on the chalk. 



