56 MADREPORARIA., 
35. Madrepora austera. 
Madrepora austera, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 478 ; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 144; Verrill, 
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. i. 1864, p. 41: Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 19; 
Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 150; ? Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 153. 
Corallum fruticose, spreading ramose and very proliferous ; branches nearly terete and 
tapering above; with numerous unequal lateral branchlets and proliferous corallites. Corallum 
scabrous ; axial corallites 2 to 3 mm. broad, exsert; radial corallites ascending, rather 
crowded, tubiform and tubi-nariform, 2 to 5 mm. long, rough and striate, aperture circular ; 
star distinct but deep, 6-rayed, with the directives most prominent. Grows in clumps 15 cm. 
or more in height. (Dana.) 
Dana remarks that ‘the species is near the abrotanoides (i. e. M. polymorpha, mihi), 
but differs in its harsher surface and strongly striate calicles; moreover, obsolescent calicles 
are rare.’ The origin of the type specimen is not recorded. 
The specimen recorded by Quelch is much broken and worn, and is only doubtfully 
referred to this species. 
Indo-Pacific Ocean : Singapore, ? Philippines. 
?a. Mactan Island, Philippines. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 220, 
G. Branches provided with numerous proliferous corallites which lead to the 
formation of distinct twigs. 
36. Madrepora abrotanoides. 
Madrepora abrotanoides, Lamarck (non Dana), Hist. Anim. sans Vert. t. i. p. 280 (ed. i. p. 448); 
Blainyille, Manuel d’Actin. p. 390; Lamouroux, Exposit. Method. p. 63, ? pl. 57; M.-Edwards 
& Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 140; ?Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage d’Astrolabe, t. iv. p. 232, 
pl. xix. figs. 1 & 2; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. ui. p. 150 (mon Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. 
Berlin, 1878, p. 535). 
? Madrepora muricata, Ellis & Solander, Zoophytes, pl. lvii. 
Madrepora dane, Quelch (? non Verrill), ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 151. 
Corallum in tufts of stout divergent branches, bearing numerous subtuberculiform 
proliferations, disposed irregularly throughout their whole length. Main branches very thick 
at the base (3 to 5 cm.), about 20 em. long, often rapidly tapering to a relatively slender and 
proliferous apex, and thus appearing subconical ; little subdivided, excepting at the apex. In 
other cases the branches are more slender, only slightly tapering, and extended obliquely. 
Axial corallites 2°5 to 3°5 mm. diameter and 2 to 3 mm. exsert ; aperture about one third the 
diameter ; wall thick, and rounded a little above. The whole surface of the main branches is 
studded with numerous spreading tubular corallites, ultimately similar to the axial ones, but 
at first having the inner part of the wall little developed. They appear first as short curved 
nariform corallites, which on the formation of the inner part of the wall become stout, 
