114 MADREPORARIA. 
110, Madrepora sinensis. (Plate XX XIII. fig. C.) 
Corallum incrusting, with numerous short slender branchlets on the upper surface, 
arranged singly or in groups ; marginal divisions oblique, with branchlets only on the upper 
surface (subecorymbose) ; branchlets 1-5 to 2°5 cm. long and 5 to 6 mm. diameter at the base, 
the distal parts tapering. Axial corallites cylindrical, 1°3 to 2 mm. diameter; wall usually 
thin; primary septa equal and well developed, the directives stouter ; a second cycle is also 
present. Radial corallites usually open nariform, but varying from short subimmersed to 
sublabellate or spreading scale-like, as in typical Lepidocyathus. The angle is consequently 
very variable ; at first the corallites are ascending and irregular, the labellate ones are more 
spreading, and the few which are scale-like extend almost horizontally. The longest coral- 
lites measure 2 mm., and the diameter is usually 1:3 or slightly over, but the scale-like 
corallites may measure 2 mm. across the lip. The condition of the septa varies according to 
the form of the corallite. In those which are nariform or tubo-nariform the directive septa 
are equal and well developed, the other primaries narrower. In the labellate and scale-like 
forms the outer directive is more prominent than the inner, and in such cases the second 
cycle of septa is represented but is not complete. The corallum is porous, the surface dense 
and echinulate or provided with rows of echinulate plates; wall striato-echinulate. This 
species occupies an intermediate position between the M. spicifera group and typical Lepido- 
cyathus, and combines in the form of its corallites the characters of both groups. In habit 
the species resembles M. tumida, Verrill. 
Pacific Ocean: Formosa, China. 
a,b. Formosa. Consul Swinhoe [P.]. 70.5.9. 11& att 
c. China (probably South). Fisheries Exhibition [P.]. 84. 2. 26. 23. f ~YP°S: 
111. Madrepora frondosa. (Plate XXXIV. fig. E.) 
Corallum extending horizontally or ?vasiform, bearing a general resemblance to 
M. subulata in habit. Branches 1 em. thick, about 1°5 cm. from centre to centre, arranged 
in more than one row, but often quite irregular and fused together at intervals. Under 
surface of the main branches not flattened, covered chiefly with immersed or subimmersed 
corallites, and provided at intervals with a few spreading nariform corallites in which the 
outer part of the wall is thickened, and also with a few short oblique twigs or proliferous 
corallites up to 8 mm. in length. Branchlets on the upper surface simple or forked, 2 to 
5 cm. long and 6 or 7 mm. thick; most of them are rendered rough by the presence of 
proliferous corallites and many of the apices are divided. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 to 
2°5 mm. diameter and 1 to 2 mm. exsert; the wall is porous and strongly ribbed and 
echinulate; the aperture is somewhat funnel-shaped, and discloses a star of six moderate and 
subequal primary septa, together with a narrow second cycle; a few which are 3 mm. 
diameter have the second cycle of septa well developed. The prominent radial corallites are 
