368 



belong to frontale (F) ; on the contrary, the following belong 

 to the epicranium (E). The epicraneal shields turn over 

 from the ventral side to meet the frontale in the frontal 

 suture (Fs) and each other in the epicraneal suture. Each 

 frontal suture forms at least two arches, of equal size in 

 some genera, in others not; very rarely (e. g. in Blethisa), 

 three arches exist. The epicranium furnishes an attachment 

 to some of the maxillar and all the mandibular muscle- 

 bundles. The boundary between the areæ, to Avhich the 

 single muscle-bundles are fixed is often marked by longi- 

 tudinal furrows. The ocellar area of the epicranium is found 

 immediately behind the antennal sclerit (Ask). In it, as a 

 rule, 6 equally developed ocelli are found ; exceptionally, they 

 may, however, be differently developed (Scarites lævigatus) 

 or reduced to 4 (Lebia chlorocephala), or to 3 (Trechus 

 minutus), or even be wholly wanting (Clivina fossor). The 

 head may be more or less constricted. The cervical furrow 

 (Crvf) marks boundary towards the neck, collum (Col). Vertex 

 (V) — paired — lies apically to collum on each side of the 

 frontal summit. 



Before the hypostoma (Hst) lies the unpaired, nearly 

 totally softskinned formation: submentum and mentum. 

 The basal portion, with the sides of which the cardo (C) and 

 the lower part of stipes (St; fig. 4) are connected, forms the 

 submentum (SM); while the freely projecting anterior portion 

 is the mentum (M). The apical border of the latter is 

 strongly chitinized and ringshaped. We often find the 

 mentum withdrawn into the submentum. In the lateral 

 lobes of the submentum a sclerit, that is concave towards 

 the cardo, is developed, the maxillary sclerit (Mxsk). Cardo 

 has a condyle fitting into a fossa in the hypostoma. Before 

 the mentum we find the stipites palporum labialium (H), 

 the are grown together along the median line and are well 

 chitinized. To each of them belongs a two-jointed labial 

 palp; anteriorly and between them, the ligula is found. (On 

 the maxillary palp, see: p. 326). 



