TEAPEZIU'S, LATISSIMUS DOESI. 189 



Fig. 163. — SupEKFiciAL Muscles of the Truxk, Shoulder and Hip, viewed from 



BEHIND. (A.T.) 1 



a, external occipital protuberance ; h, acromion of the scapula ; c, cresi of the ilium ; 

 1, trapezius ; 1', oval tendon of the two muscles in the upper dorsal and lower cervical 

 region ; 1", triangular tendon of insertion ; 2. latissimus dorsi ; 2', 2,' its costal origins 

 and its direct origin from the crest of the ilium ; 1,2', c, the posterior layer of "the 

 lumbar aponeurosis ; 3, steruo-mastoid ; 4, deltoid ; 5, infraspinatus ; 6, teres minor ; 

 7, teres major ; 8, rhomboideus major ; below this on the left side is seen a triangular 

 space bounded by the rhomboid, trapezius, and latissimus dorsi muscles, in which a part 

 of the seventh rib may be felt ; on the left side, tlie arm and shoulder being elevated, 

 the space is enlarged so as to show a part of the sixth and seventh ribs ; 9, back part of 

 the external oblique muscle of the abdomen ; between 9 and 2', a small part of the 

 i-ixernal oblique ; 10, part of the gluteus medius covered by the fascia lata ; 11, gluteus 

 luaximus ; 12, gracilis ; l-*, small part of the adductor magnus ; 14, semiteudiuosus ; 

 15, biceps ; 16, fascia lata covering the vastus externus. 



spine, and for the distance of several vertebrae above and below that 

 point, a flat tendon extends outwards, widest at the middle of the space 

 and narrowing towards the upper and lower ends, so that tlie apo- 

 neuroses of the two muscles taken together have an elliptical form. 

 The fibres of origin from the occipital bone have little or no tendinous 

 lustre. The muscles of the two sides have together the form of a four- 

 sided figure, or shawl or cowl, pointing downwards : hence the name of 

 cucullaris which has been given to it. 



litiations. — The trapezius is superficial in its whole extent : it covers the 

 splenius. the greater part of the complexus aJ^ove the splenius. the levator anguli 

 scapula;, the rhomboidei, the supraspinatus, and small portions of the infra- 

 spinatus, latissimus dorsi. and lumbar aponeurosis. The spinal accessory nerve, 

 ■ and the superficial cervical artery, pass into it from its deep surface. 



Variefh's. — The trapezius is subject to considerable variations in its attach- 

 ments : it is not uufrcquently shorter than above described, and the number of 

 dorsal vertebrje with, which it is connected is sometimes diminislied to six or 

 seven, or even fewer. Its occipital attachment is occasionally wanting ; and 

 sometimes a separation exists between its ceiwical and dorsal portions, in the 

 same manner as in some of the rodent animals. These varieties affect either 

 one or both sides. 



The latissimus dorsi muscle arises by tendinous fibres from the 

 spinous processes of the six or seven lowest dorsal vertebrae, and from 

 the posterior layer of the lumbar aponeurosis, through the medium of 

 which it is attached to the lumbar and upper sacral spines and back 

 part of the iliac crest ; it also arises by fleshy fibres for an inch or 

 more from the iliac crest in front of the outer margin of the lumbar 

 aponeurosis, and from the last three or four ribs by narrow fleshy slips 

 which inter-digitate with the attachments of the external oblique mus- 

 cle of the abdomen. The fibres at the upper part are the shortest, and 

 pass almost horizontally outwards over the lower angle of the scapula, 

 from which they generally receive a small slip of fleshy fibres ; those 

 lower down become longer and pass more obliquely upwards ; finally, 

 those which are attached to the ribs ascend almost vertically. By this 

 convergence the fibres of the muscle come to form a narrow band of 

 some thickness, which, accompanying the teres major towards the 

 axilla, winds round the lower and outer border of that muscle so as 

 finally to be placed in front of it. It terminates in a flat tendon of about 

 two inches in length, which is adherent at its lower border to that of 

 the teres major, but is again detached from it previous to its insertion, a 

 synovial bursa intervening between them. The tendon is attached to the 



