THE rXEU.MOGASTRIC NERVE. 563 



Fig. 349. — View of the DisTRiBUTioii and Connections of the Pneu.mogastric and 

 Sympathetic Nerves on the Eight Side (after Hirsclifeld and Leveille). § 



a, lachrymal gland ; b, sublingual gland ; c, submaxillary gland and facial artery , 

 d, thyroid gland, pulled forwards by a hook ; c, trachea, below which is the right 

 bronchus cut across ; /, the gullet ; ff, the stomach, divided near the i^ylorus ; /, trans- 

 verse colon, with some folds of the intestines below. 



A, heart, slightly turned aside to show the cardiac plexus, &:c. ; B, aortic arch, drawn 

 forward by a hook ; C, innominate artery ; D, subclavian artery, of which a portion has 

 been removed to show the sympathetic ganglia ; E, inferior thyroid artery ; F, a divided 

 part of the external carotid ailery, upoa which runs a nervous plexus ; G, internal 

 carotid emerging from its canal superiorly ; H, thoracic aorta ; K, intercostal vein ; L, 

 pulmonary trunk, the right branch cut ; M, superior vena cava ; 0, intercostal artery, 



1, ciliary nerves of the eyeball ; 2, branch of the oculo-motor to the inferior oblique 

 muscle, connected with the ophthalmic ganglion ; 3, 3, 3, the three principal divisions of 

 the trifacial nerve ; 4, ophthalmic ganglion ; 5, sijheno-palatine ; 6, otic ; 7, submaxillary; 

 8, sublingual; 9, sixth nerve, 10, facial in its canal, uniting with the spheno-palatine 

 and otic ganglia ; 11, glosso-pharyngeal ; 12, right pneumogasti'ic ; 13, left pneumo- 

 gastric spieading on the anterior surface of the stomach ; 14, sjiinal accessory ; 15, hypo- 

 glossal ; 16, lower nerve of the cervical plexus : 17, middle nerve of the brachial 

 jjlexus ; IS, intercostal nerves ; 21, superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic, con- 

 nected with, 22, the tympanic nerve of Jacobson : 23, carotid branch of the Vidian nerve ; 

 24, cavernous plexus , 25, ophthalmic twig ; 2t), hlament to the pituitary gland ; 27, 

 union with the upper cervical nerves ; 28, points to the i>iieumogastric nerve, close to 

 the pharyngeal and carotid branches ; 29, points to the superior laryngeal nerve, close to 

 the pharyngeal and inter-carotid plexuses , 30, laryngeal branch joining the laryngeal 

 plexus ; 31, great symijathetic nerve ; 32, superior cardiac nerve ; 33, middle cervical 

 ganglion ; 34, twig connecting the ganglion with, 35, the recurrent ; 36, middle cardiac 

 nerve ; 37, great sympathetic nerve , 38, inferior cervical ganglion ; below 37, branches 

 from the ganglion, passing round the subclavian and vertebral arteries ; 39, the line from 

 this number crosses the nerves jiroceeding from the brachial plexus ; 40, sympathetic 

 twigs surrounding the axillary artery ; 41, branch of union with the first intercostal 

 nerve ; the line from the letter c, pointing to the trachea, crosses the superior, middle, 

 ^ind inferior cardiac nerves ; 42, caidiac plexus and ganglion ; 43, 44, right and left 

 coronary plexuses ; 45, 46, thoracic portion of the great sympathetic nerve and ganglia 

 showing their connections with the intercostal nerves; 47, great splanchnic nerve ; 48, 

 semilunar ganglion ; 49, lesser splanchnic ; 50, solar i^lexus ; 51, union with the pneumo- 

 gastnc nerve ; 52, diaphragmatic ijlexus and ganglion . 53, coronary jjlexus ; 54, hepatic ; 

 55, splenic ; 56, superior mesenteric , 57, renal plexus. 



are also derived from the first j^art of the recurrent branch : they pass 

 mwards on tlie air-tube, and end m the deep cardiac plexus. The cor- 

 responding branches of the left side come from the left recurrent laryn- 

 geal nerve. 



Pulmonary branches. — Two sets of pulmonary branches are dis- 

 tributed from the pneumogastric nerve to the lung ; and they reach 

 the root of the lung, one on its fore part, the other on its posterior as- 

 pect. The anfer/or pulmonary nerves, two or three in number, are of 

 small size. They join with filaments of the sympathetic ramifying on 

 the pulmonary artery, and with these nerves constitute the anierior 

 jpHlmojiary 2)kxHs. Behind the root of the lung the pneumogastric 

 nerve becomes flattened, and gives several branches of much larger size 

 than the anterior branches, which, with filaments derived from the 

 second, third, and fourth thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic, form the 

 jjosterior pulmonary plexus. Offsets from this plexus extend along the 

 ramifications of the air-tube through the substance of the lung, 



(Esophageal hranches. — The oesophagus within the thorax receives 

 branches from the pneumogastric nerves, both above and below the 

 pulmonary branches. The lower branches are the larger, and are de- 

 rived from the esophageal plexus, formed by connecting cords between 



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